# Handball codes compared, 1920

The rules in force in 1920, one column per code. Each cell is the code's newest edition on or before 1920.

- American four-wall: Four-wall (A.A.U., 1920)
- One-wall, small ball: One-wall (Brokaw, American Hand Ball, 1915)
- Three-wall: no edition yet
- Wallball, big ball: no edition yet
- Irish 60x30 hardball: Gaelic Rules

## Concepts

- **Appeals and finality**: American four-wall: rule 32: Referee's decision final; One-wall, small ball: rule 45, 46: Appeal from the referee to the umpire on interpretation; umpire final; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 14, 23, 28)
- **Ball from the wall hits a player**: American four-wall: rule 17, 18: Ball touching a player on the way back loses the point for him; One-wall, small ball: rule 11: Ball off the board striking an opponent = against the side struck; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Ball hits an official or spectator**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 47: Legal ball striking referee or umpire is 'dead', no advantage; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Ball hits an opponent before reaching the wall**: American four-wall: rule 17: If it still reaches the front wall it is in play (not a hinder); One-wall, small ball: rule 13: Called a 'hinder'; two on one service = point or putout against the side making them; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 21)
- **Ball hits the hitter or his partner**: American four-wall: rule 19: Hitting a partner loses the point (except partner in serving position) [1920 text differs: R19 guide only: 'Hitting a partner with the ball' -> 'with a ball' (1922 handbook as 1920)]; One-wall, small ball: rule 12: Ball off the board striking the hitter or his partner = against that side; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 15, 22)
- **Ball: selection by the referee**: American four-wall: rule 5: Referee selects a new ball if players cannot agree; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Ball: specification**: American four-wall: rule 2: Standard rubber handball (Spalding No. 101 used at nationals) [1920 text differs: R2 revision (capitalisation only): 'Standard Rubber hand ball.' -> 1922 handbook 'standard Rubber hand ball.'; guide only: 'standard rubber handball. (Spalding's No. 101 ball is used in the national championship tournaments.)']; One-wall, small ball: rule 52: 1 7/8-2 in, 2-2 1/4 oz, gum and carbon, 30 psi; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 5)
- **Ball: wet ball**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 51: Referee may stop play, dry the ball, resume with a serve; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Catching or stopping the ball**: American four-wall: rule 11: Catching/stopping the serve before the floor = hand out; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 13, 20)
- **Change of serve**: American four-wall: rule 16: 'Hand out' [1920 text differs: R16 guide only: 'the adversaries' play' -> 'the adversary's play' (1922 handbook as 1920)]; One-wall, small ball: rule 8, 9: 'Server is out, and in doubles the side is out' (putout); Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 11)
- **Court: dimensions**: American four-wall: rule 1: Four walls about 24 x 48 ft, ceiling at least 25 ft; other courts allowed for now [1920 text differs: R1 revision: 'approximately 24 feet by 50 feet' -> '24 feet by 48 feet' (1922 handbook and 1923 guide)]; One-wall, small ball: rule 53, 54, 55: Board 20 ft wide x 10 ft high; floor 20 x 26 ft; field 55 x 40 ft overall; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 3, 4)
- **Court: line marking**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 54: Lines red, 2 in wide; floor smooth, not polished; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Court: long (back) line**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 7, 54: 'Front line' 26 ft from the board (back edge of the floor); serve landing beyond it is long; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 2)
- **Court: run-off area around the floor**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 55: 'Field' 55 x 40 ft including the floor, on all sides but the board; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Court: service zone**: American four-wall: rule 7: Between the short line and the service line; One-wall, small ball: rule 2: Ball dropped anywhere in the court beyond the service line (far side from the board); Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Court: short line (minimum serve length)**: American four-wall: rule 7: 'Short line' (one of two serving lines; mapping to ace line unproven, H-67); One-wall, small ball: rule 54: 'Service line' midway between board and front line (13 ft); also the short mark; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 1)
- **Court: wall surface and top**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 53: Board of tongued-and-grooved boards on studding, painted white, no lines; surround sounds different; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 4)
- **Doubles: alternating service and positions**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 26, 30: Partners alternate service and defensive positions; alternate positions each game; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Doubles: serving order and first hand**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 9)
- **Doubles: serving to each receiver in turn**: American four-wall: rule 26: Customary, not compulsory; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Equipment: gloves**: American four-wall: rule 34: Only soft material or soft kid/cloth gloves; no hard material [1920 text differs: R34 1922 handbook misprint 'gloves of id or cloth' (also in the 1923 handbook); guide 'kid' as 1920]; One-wall, small ball: rule 50: Gloves compulsory, made to keep sweat off the ball; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **First service (toss)**: American four-wall: rule 4: Coin toss or any agreed manner decides first service; One-wall, small ball: rule 31: Coin toss, then a 'play for the service' rally; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 9)
- **Game length**: American four-wall: rule 3: 21 points (unit renamed); One-wall, small ball: rule 28: 21 points; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 6)
- **Game types: singles, doubles, cutthroat**: American four-wall: rule 19, 22: Doubles / 'four handed match' provided for again [1920 text differs: R19 guide only: 'Hitting a partner with the ball' -> 'with a ball' (1922 handbook as 1920) | R22 revision: 'a decision on a hinder or covered ball even though' -> 'a decision on a hinder even though' (guide adds a comma: 'hinder, even though'); second paragraph: 1922 handbook misprints 'practice' as 'ractise' (guide 'practice'); closing quotation '"could not get it".' -> '"could not get it."' (1922 and 1923)]; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 9, 16)
- **Injury time**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 38: Referee may grant minutes; over five needs the other side's consent; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Lines: ball on a line**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 49: Ball on any line is good; doubtful balls served again; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 18)
- **Match format**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 40: Best three of five in important or championship games; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 7, 8)
- **Obstruction: benefit of the doubt**: American four-wall: rule 23: Claimed hinders generally allowed unless clearly none; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Obstruction: blocking the view (covered ball / screen)**: American four-wall: rule 22, 24: Referee 'liberal' against play where the adversary cannot see the ball; 'covered balls' named but undefined [1920 text differs: R22 revision: 'a decision on a hinder or covered ball even though' -> 'a decision on a hinder even though' (guide adds a comma: 'hinder, even though'); second paragraph: 1922 handbook misprints 'practice' as 'ractise' (guide 'practice'); closing quotation '"could not get it".' -> '"could not get it."' (1922 and 1923)]; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Obstruction: duty to give way**: American four-wall: rule 20, 23: Right to an unobstructed opportunity; side that played must keep out of the way [1920 text differs: R20 revision: second sentence deleted: 'If a player is prevented by an adversary from seeing the ball until too late to get in position, it is called a covered ball and shall be played over.']; One-wall, small ball: rule 21, 22, 23, 27: Limits on blocking: right of way past the service line; no passing between ball and opponent; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Obstruction: either doubles partner may claim**: American four-wall: rule 22: Either partner entitled to a hinder decision [1920 text differs: R22 revision: 'a decision on a hinder or covered ball even though' -> 'a decision on a hinder even though' (guide adds a comma: 'hinder, even though'); second paragraph: 1922 handbook misprints 'practice' as 'ractise' (guide 'practice'); closing quotation '"could not get it".' -> '"could not get it."' (1922 and 1923)]; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Obstruction: interference by one's partner**: American four-wall: rule 25: No hinder when interfered with by a partner [1920 text differs: R25 revision: 'a hinder or covered ball when interfered with' -> 'a hinder when interfered with']; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Obstruction: legal block by position**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 19, 20, 25: A player may place the ball to block the opponent; blocking must end when the ball leaves the hand; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Obstruction: penalised (intentional / avoidable) interference**: American four-wall: rule 21: Intentional hinder: point against the offender [1920 text differs: R21 revision: 'the ball is covered intentionally or' deleted ('When, in the opinion of the referee, a player is hindered intentionally ...')]; One-wall, small ball: rule 37: Unfair blocking or intentional interference: fine of 1-5 points; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 24)
- **Obstruction: unintentional interference replayed (dead-ball hinder)**: American four-wall: rule 20: Unintentional interference = hinder, played over [1920 text differs: R20 revision: second sentence deleted: 'If a player is prevented by an adversary from seeing the ball until too late to get in position, it is called a covered ball and shall be played over.']; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 24)
- **Obstruction: who calls hinders**: American four-wall: rule 24: Referee decides all hinders and covered balls without appeal; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 23, 24)
- **Officials: line official**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 44: Umpire watches balls on or near the side lines (and unfair play); Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Officials: referee's charge and powers**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 33, 34: Charge of the game, decisions, penalties; may move anywhere in the field, not the court; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Officials: scorer**: American four-wall: rule 29: 'Score keeper' next to the referee; duties unstated; One-wall, small ball: rule 44: Umpire keeps the score; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Officials: who officiates**: American four-wall: rule 29: Referee and score keeper; One-wall, small ball: rule 32: A referee and an umpire; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 17, 23, 28)
- **Penalty: leaving the court**: American four-wall: rule 30: Forfeits the series unless the referee excuses it [1920 text differs: R30 guide only: 'During Tournament' -> 'During tournament']; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Penalty: point deduction (fine / technical)**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 37, 42, 43: 'Fine' of 1-5 points subtracted (unfair blocking, fighting, repeated unfair acts); Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Penalty: refusing the referee's decision**: American four-wall: rule 33: Forfeits the match; One-wall, small ball: rule 39: Fine one point per minute of delay, then game forfeited 21-0; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Rally: ball landing out**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 17: Return landing outside the court = point or putout against the hitter; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 14, 25, 27)
- **Rally: failure to return**: American four-wall: rule 16: Outside fails = tally; server fails = hand out [1920 text differs: R16 guide only: 'the adversaries' play' -> 'the adversary's play' (1922 handbook as 1920)]; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 11)
- **Rally: one touch only**: American four-wall: rule 28: No second touch by the player or his partner; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 12)
- **Rally: play before the second bounce**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 16: All balls from first bounce or fly; serve first bounce only; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 12)
- **Rally: swing and miss, further attempts**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 14: In doubles, after a complete miss the partner may play it; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Return of serve: on the fly**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 5, 16: Serve must not be played on a fly, first bounce only; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Return: front wall before floor**: American four-wall: rule 15: Returned to the front wall before the floor; floor and wall together = miss; One-wall, small ball: rule 10: Returned balls must touch the board before the floor; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Scoring: who scores and the unit**: American four-wall: rule 16: Tally for the serving side when the outside fails to return any ball [1920 text differs: R16 guide only: 'the adversaries' play' -> 'the adversary's play' (1922 handbook as 1920)]; One-wall, small ball: rule 48: Points only by the serving side; 'putouts' by the other side; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 11)
- **Serve hits a player**: American four-wall: rule 14: Partner in position struck by the serve: not a hand out; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 19)
- **Serve: faults that lose the serve**: American four-wall: rule 9: Three short balls = hand out; One-wall, small ball: rule 8: Two consecutive short/long serves = server (side) out; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 18)
- **Serve: foot fault**: American four-wall: rule 8: Once = short ball; twice in succession = hand out; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Serve: how it is put in play**: American four-wall: rule 6: Bounced, struck on the first bounce; several attempts allowed; One-wall, small ball: rule 2, 3: Ball dropped or thrown to the floor, struck on the first bound; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 10, 18)
- **Serve: landing outside the side lines**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 9: Server out at once (side out in doubles); Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 18)
- **Serve: long**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 7: Landing beyond the front line is 'long'; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 18, 26)
- **Serve: missed serve**: American four-wall: rule 6: Missing the ball puts the server out; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 18)
- **Serve: must hit the front wall first**: American four-wall: rule 10: Ceiling, floor or side walls first = hand out ('roof' -> 'ceiling'); One-wall, small ball: rule 10: All served and returned balls touch the board before the floor; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 18)
- **Serve: playing a fault serve**: American four-wall: rule 12, 13: Optional to accept a short ('fair ball'); server side may stop a short [1920 text differs: R12 revision: 'if a short ball be attempted' -> 'if a short ball is attempted']; One-wall, small ball: rule 15: Short/long/wide balls may be played on; appeal after the rally; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 19, 26)
- **Serve: positions of the other players**: American four-wall: rule 14, 19: Partner between the lines, back to the wall; not a hand out if struck [1920 text differs: R19 guide only: 'Hitting a partner with the ball' -> 'with a ball' (1922 handbook as 1920)]; One-wall, small ball: rule 1, 24: All players outside the court until the ball is in play; server's partner may stand between opponents; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 16)
- **Serve: receiver's position**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 1: Players outside the court (in the field) until the ball is in play; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 17)
- **Serve: screening / moving on the serve**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 24: Server's partner must move away from the served ball; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 19)
- **Serve: server's position**: American four-wall: rule 7: Between short line and service line; not over the service line; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Serve: short**: American four-wall: rule 9: 'Short ball' (undefined); One-wall, small ball: rule 4, 6: Must cross the service line; landing before it is 'short', serve again; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 18, 26)
- **Striking: hand only**: American four-wall: rule 27: Kicking not allowed (no penalty stated); One-wall, small ball: rule 18: Front of either hand only; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Striking: one hand at a time**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: in the rules, text not republished (rule 15)
- **Time between games**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 41: Not more than ten minutes; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Time between rallies and service delay**: American four-wall: rule 31: Reasonable time after each rally, then a ten count [1920 text differs: R31 guide only: 'After a completion' -> 'After the completion'; 'the referee or the other player' -> 'the referee or other player']; One-wall, small ball: rule 35, 36: No delay over one minute without the referee's consent; referee may order play; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Tournament draw**: American four-wall: rule 35: Immediately before the contest; boxing-rules method [1920 text differs: R35 guide only: adds '(See A.A.U. Official Handbook—Spalding's Athletic Library.)']; One-wall, small ball: not in this edition; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition
- **Win by two at 20-all**: American four-wall: not in this edition; One-wall, small ball: rule 29: At 20-all a side must score two consecutive points on one service; Three-wall: no edition yet; Wallball, big ball: no edition yet; Irish 60x30 hardball: not in this edition

## What the codes share

- Shared (35): Appeals and finality; Ball hits an opponent before reaching the wall; Ball hits the hitter or his partner; Ball: specification; Catching or stopping the ball; Change of serve; Court: long (back) line; Court: service zone; Court: short line (minimum serve length); Court: wall surface and top; First service (toss); Game length; Game types: singles, doubles, cutthroat; Lines: ball on a line; Match format; Obstruction: penalised (intentional / avoidable) interference; Officials: who officiates; Rally: ball landing out; Rally: failure to return; Rally: one touch only; Rally: play before the second bounce; Scoring: who scores and the unit; Serve hits a player; Serve: faults that lose the serve; Serve: how it is put in play; Serve: landing outside the side lines; Serve: long; Serve: must hit the front wall first; Serve: playing a fault serve; Serve: positions of the other players; Serve: receiver's position; Serve: screening / moving on the serve; Serve: short; Striking: hand only; Time between rallies and service delay
- Converging (10): Ball from the wall hits a player; Court: dimensions; Equipment: gloves; Obstruction: duty to give way; Obstruction: unintentional interference replayed (dead-ball hinder); Obstruction: who calls hinders; Officials: scorer; Penalty: refusing the referee's decision; Return: front wall before floor; Serve: missed serve
- Unique (26): Ball hits an official or spectator (One-wall, small ball); Ball: selection by the referee (American four-wall); Ball: wet ball (One-wall, small ball); Court: line marking (One-wall, small ball); Court: run-off area around the floor (One-wall, small ball); Doubles: alternating service and positions (One-wall, small ball); Doubles: serving order and first hand (Irish 60x30 hardball); Doubles: serving to each receiver in turn (American four-wall); Injury time (One-wall, small ball); Obstruction: benefit of the doubt (American four-wall); Obstruction: blocking the view (covered ball / screen) (American four-wall); Obstruction: either doubles partner may claim (American four-wall); Obstruction: interference by one's partner (American four-wall); Obstruction: legal block by position (One-wall, small ball); Officials: line official (One-wall, small ball); Officials: referee's charge and powers (One-wall, small ball); Penalty: leaving the court (American four-wall); Penalty: point deduction (fine / technical) (One-wall, small ball); Rally: swing and miss, further attempts (One-wall, small ball); Return of serve: on the fly (One-wall, small ball); Serve: foot fault (American four-wall); Serve: server's position (American four-wall); Striking: one hand at a time (Irish 60x30 hardball); Time between games (One-wall, small ball); Tournament draw (American four-wall); Win by two at 20-all (One-wall, small ball)