# Credits The rules on this site come from the U.S. Handball Association, and the older rulebooks from libraries and archives that have digitised them. ## U.S. Handball Association The rules text and court specifications on this site are the work of the U.S. Handball Association (USHA, https://www.ushandball.org/), the custodians of the sport in the United States, and are used with the USHA's written permission. The condition of that permission is to cite US Handball (ushandball.org) as the source and give credit for any content used. Pages that show USHA material say so. Many of the referee questions were written by us from the USHA rulebook. The USHA runs on its members. Please support them: become a member at https://www.ushandball.org/become-a-member/. ## Championship results The championship results in the History section come from the lists below, each credited to the body that keeps it. See https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/championships.md. - Championship results from the U.S. Handball Association's National Champions list (ushandball.org), used with permission; credit: U.S. Handball Association. Link: https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/. - Champions list from the St. Albans Handball Association (sahany.org). Link: https://sahany.org/king, https://sahany.org/queen. - Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball. Link: https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour. This list is shown by year, division and number of results; the winners’ names are not shown on this site yet. - Results from the United States Wall Ball Association (uswallball.org). Link: https://www.uswallball.org/. ## Historical rulebooks 57 older rulebook editions are shown on this site, each as printed and marked as not the current rules (https://handball.theperfectship.com/browse.md). The copies we read were digitised by libraries and archives, and we thank the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, for captures of the USHA’s own earlier web pages (34 editions); the Internet Archive, for digitised handbooks (7 editions); the Library of Congress, for digitised books (7 editions); the HathiTrust Digital Library, for digitised guides (5 editions); Chronicling America at the Library of Congress, for historic newspaper pages (3 editions); Google Books, for page text of one guide (2 editions). Editions published in the United States before 1931 are in the public domain; the others are listed with their own basis below. No individual supplier of a copy is named in the research record, so none is credited here. ### Amateur Athletic Union (A.A.U.) (9) The A.A.U. rules, as printed in its own handbooks and in the Spalding handball guides. - 1903: [A.A.U. Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-fourwall-1903.md). Printed as: Revised Handball Rules of the Amateur Athletic Union of America, For the Government of the National Championship in Singles, Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [Handball and How to Play It, Michael Egan](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/) (Library of Congress); [Hand Ball and How to Play It, Michael Egan](https://www.loc.gov/item/13015574/) (Library of Congress); [Fox's New Book of Rules (1913)](https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/newbookofrulesof00foxr/newbookofrulesof00foxr.pdf) (Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1 January 1920: [A.A.U. Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-fourwall-1920.md). Printed as: Hand Ball, Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [A.A.U. Official Athletic Rules (1920 volume)](https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/officialathletic13amat/officialathletic13amat.text.txt) (Library of Congress); [A.A.U. Official Athletic Rules (1921 volume)](https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/officialathletic12amat/officialathletic12amat.text.txt) (Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 20 November 1922: [A.A.U. One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-onewall-1923.md). Printed as: A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [Spalding's Official Handball Guide, Robert L. Ripley (ed.)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/) (Library of Congress); [Official handbook of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook1923amat/officialhandbook1923amat.pdf) (Internet Archive). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1923: [A.A.U. Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-fourwall-1923.md). Printed as: Official Handball Rules of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [Spalding's Official Handball Guide, Robert L. Ripley (ed.)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/) (Library of Congress); [Official handbook of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook1923amat/officialhandbook1923amat.pdf) (Internet Archive). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 20 November 1927: [A.A.U. One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-onewall-1928.md). Printed as: One-Wall Playing Rules (in Spalding's Official Handball Guide, 1928), Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1928), page text](https://books.google.com/books?id=9jNMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31&output=text) (Google Books); [Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1928)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435000469544) (HathiTrust Digital Library). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1928: [A.A.U. Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-fourwall-1928.md). Printed as: Official Handball Playing Rules of the A.A.U. (in Spalding's Official Handball Guide, 1928), Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1928), page text](https://books.google.com/books?id=9jNMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31&output=text) (Google Books); [Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1928)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435000469544) (HathiTrust Digital Library). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1931: [A.A.U. Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-fourwall-1931.md). Printed as: A.A.U. Soft Ball Four-Wall Rules (in Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball, 1931), Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [How to Play Handball, by Charles J. O'Connell](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735) (HathiTrust Digital Library). Rights: Copyright not renewed: our search of the US renewal records found no renewal (a research finding, not legal advice). - 1931: [A.A.U. Four-Wall Hardball Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-fourwall-hardball-1931.md). Printed as: A.A.U. Hard Ball Rules (in Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball, 1931), Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [How to Play Handball, by Charles J. O'Connell](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735) (HathiTrust Digital Library). Rights: Copyright not renewed: our search of the US renewal records found no renewal (a research finding, not legal advice). - 1931: [A.A.U. One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/aau-onewall-1931.md). Printed as: A.A.U. One-Wall Rules (in Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball, 1931), Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Copy read from: [How to Play Handball, by Charles J. O'Connell](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735) (HathiTrust Digital Library). Rights: Copyright not renewed: our search of the US renewal records found no renewal (a research finding, not legal advice). ### Y.M.C.A. and the Athletic League (4) Rules printed in the Athletic League of the Y.M.C.A. handbooks and a Honolulu Y.M.C.A. notice. - June 1900: [Y.M.C.A. One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/ymca-onewall-1900.md). Printed as: Hand Ball Rules. Copy read from: [Official handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of Canada, J. Howard Crocker](https://archive.org/download/cihm_85174/cihm_85174_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive); [Official handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook02athl/officialhandbook02athl_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive); [Official handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook03athl/officialhandbook03athl_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive); [Official handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook04athl/officialhandbook04athl_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1907: [Y.M.C.A. Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/ymca-honolulu-1907.md). Printed as: New handball rules (Y.M.C.A., Honolulu). Copy read from: [The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands), 19 October 1907, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85047084/1907-10-19/ed-1/?sp=5) (Chronicling America, Library of Congress); [The Hawaiian Star (Honolulu [Oahu]), 23 October 1907, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015415/1907-10-23/ed-1/?sp=6) (Chronicling America, Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1913: [Y.M.C.A. One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/ymca-onewall-1913.md). Printed as: Hand Ball Rules: Single Wall Court. Copy read from: [Official handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook05athl/officialhandbook05athl_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive); [Official handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook06athl/officialhandbook06athl_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - May 1915: [Y.M.C.A. Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/ymca-fourwall-1915.md). Printed as: Hand Ball Rules: Four Wall Court. Copy read from: [Official handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America](https://archive.org/download/officialhandbook06athl/officialhandbook06athl_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. ### Early publishers and newspapers (6) Rules published by Ed James, Spalding, Deshong and Brokaw, and rules printed in newspapers. - 1873: [James's Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/james-fourwall-1873.md). Printed as: Hand Ball Rules. Copy read from: [Manual of sporting rules, Ed James](https://archive.org/download/manualofsporting00jame/manualofsporting00jame_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive); [The sports and pastimes of American boys, Henry Chadwick](https://archive.org/download/sportsandpastim00chadgoog/sportsandpastim00chadgoog_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1886: [Spalding Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/spalding-fourwall-1886.md). Printed as: Hand Ball. Copy read from: [Spalding's hand book of sporting rules and training, George H. Benedict](https://archive.org/download/spaldingshandboo00bene/spaldingshandboo00bene_djvu.txt) (Internet Archive); [The Houston Daily Post (Houston, Tex.), 13 March 1898, p. 15](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86071197/1898-03-13/ed-1/?sp=15) (Chronicling America, Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1889: [The Sun Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/sun-fourwall-1889.md). Printed as: The set rules of the game. Copy read from: [The Sun (New York [N.Y.]), 17 March 1889, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1889-03-17/ed-1/?sp=7) (Chronicling America, Library of Congress); [Wichita Eagle (Wichita, Kan.), 9 April 1889, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85032490/1889-04-09/ed-1/?sp=3) (Chronicling America, Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1893: [Deshong Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/deshong-fourwall-1893.md). Printed as: Rules and Explanations. Copy read from: [The Game of Hand Ball and How to Play It, Maurice W. Deshong](https://www.loc.gov/item/ca05001384/) (Library of Congress); [Spalding's Official Sporting Rules, James E. Sullivan (comp.)](https://www.loc.gov/item/05025091/) (Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1903: [Deshong Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/deshong-fourwall-1903.md). Printed as: Rules and Explanations. Copy read from: [Handball and How to Play It, Michael Egan](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/) (Library of Congress); [Hand Ball and How to Play It, Michael Egan](https://www.loc.gov/item/13015574/) (Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. - 1916: [Brokaw One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/brokaw-american-1916.md). Printed as: Rules of American Hand Ball. Copy read from: [How to Play American Hand Ball, James I. Brokaw](https://www.loc.gov/item/16024697/) (Library of Congress). Rights: Public domain: a US publication from before 1931. ### U.S. Handball Association (USHA), earlier editions (38) Earlier USHA rulebooks, used with the USHA’s permission. The copies we read are web captures of the USHA’s own site, or copies of its rulebook on other sites. - 20 June 1990: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-1990-06-20.md). Printed as: The Official United States Handball Association Handball Rules With Interpretations and One-Wall and Three-Wall Addendum Revised 1991, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [19 May 1998](https://web.archive.org/web/19980519203944/http://www.cohandball.com:80/official_united_states_handball_.htm) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [27 August 2001](https://web.archive.org/web/20010827024217/http://ushandball.org:80/html/4-wall_rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [22 November 2002](https://web.archive.org/web/20021122180816/http://ushandball.org:80/html/4-wall_rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 14 October 1994: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-1994-10-14.md). Printed as: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations 1995, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [31 January 1997](https://web.archive.org/web/19970131180607/http://www.ushandball.org:80/handball/RULES.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [31 January 1997](https://web.archive.org/web/19970131181337/http://www.ushandball.org:80/handball/INTERPRE.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 31 January 1999: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-1999-01-31.md). Printed as: The Official USHA Handball Rules, 1999, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [14 September 2000](https://web.archive.org/web/20000914195049/http://www.cohandball.com:80/rule_book/rulesvr99%20with%20interpretations.htm) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 2000: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2000.md). Printed as: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations 2000, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [10 November 2000](https://web.archive.org/web/20001110015300/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - March 2001: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2001-03.md). Printed as: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations 2000, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [9 March 2001](https://web.archive.org/web/20010309221200/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 7 October 2001: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2001-10-07.md). Printed as: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [13 October 2001](https://web.archive.org/web/20011013234747/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 8 April 2002: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2002-04-08.md). Printed as: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [13 June 2002](https://web.archive.org/web/20020613233254/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 20 August 2002: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2002-08-20.md). Printed as: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [2 October 2002](https://web.archive.org/web/20021002182557/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [5 February 2004](https://web.archive.org/web/20040205165624/http://www.ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [16 April 2004](https://web.archive.org/web/20040416072806/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/1-wall_rules.pdf) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - December 2004: [USHA Three-Wall Addendum](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-threewall-2004-12.md). Printed as: Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [13 October 2007](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [19 January 2005](https://web.archive.org/web/20050119190535/http://www.ushandball.org:80/usha/officialrules.pdf) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 16 January 2005: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2005-01-16.md). Printed as: The Official USHA Handball Rules, 2005, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [4 January 2006](https://web.archive.org/web/20060104055021/http://www.ushandball.org:80/officialrules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [21 July 2006](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721122705/http://www.ushandball.org:80/officialrules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [13 October 2007](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 1 April 2005: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2005-04-01.md). Printed as: The Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules, 2005, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [10 February 2006](https://web.archive.org/web/20060210173110/http://www.ushandball.org/onewallrules.html) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - June 2006: [USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2006-06.md). Printed as: Schedule 1: These are the rules changes passed by the USHA Board, June 2006, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [4 September 2007](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904225427/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/302/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [13 October 2007](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - June 2006: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2006-06.md). Printed as: Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules (2005 rules with the June 2006 Board changes incorporated), United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [4 September 2007](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904225427/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/302/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [4 January 2011](https://web.archive.org/web/20110104133516/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/430/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - May 2007: [USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2007-05.md). Printed as: Schedule 2: These are the rules changes passed by the USHA Board, May 2007, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [13 October 2007](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - June 2008: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2008-06.md). Printed as: The Current Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [28 July 2011](https://web.archive.org/web/20110728072855/http://www.ushandball.org/content/view/564/302) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [28 July 2011](https://web.archive.org/web/20110728151335/http://www.ushandball.org/content/view/564/302) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - May 2010: [USHA Four-Wall Abridged Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-abridged-2010-05.md). Printed as: Handball Rules (Abridged for Curriculum), United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [USHA rulebook (PDF)](https://www.ushandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/abridgedrules.pdf) (ushandball.org). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 2012: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2012.md). Printed as: The Official USHA Handball Rules, 2012, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [2 July 2012](https://web.archive.org/web/20120702152652/http://www.ushandball.org:80/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=451) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [29 January 2014](https://web.archive.org/web/20140129190518/http://www.ushandball.org:80/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=451) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 2014: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2014.md). Printed as: The Official USHA Handball Rules, 2014, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [15 July 2014](https://web.archive.org/web/20140715190513/http://www.ushandball.org:80/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=451) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - January 2014: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2014-01.md). Printed as: Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [12 January 2015](https://web.archive.org/web/20150112001416/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/430) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [14 November 2015](https://web.archive.org/web/20151114052926/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/430) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [3 May 2015](https://web.archive.org/web/20150503054537/http://www.ushandball.org/images/stories/2014files/officialusha1wallrules.pdf) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 6 February 2015: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2015-02-06.md). Printed as: Official USHA Handball Rulebook With Interpretations, One-Wall and Three-Wall Addendums, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [USHA rulebook (PDF)](https://pnwhandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015handballrulebook.pdf) (pnwhandball.org). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 6 February 2015: [USHA One-Wall Addendum](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2015-02-06.md). Printed as: One-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [USHA rulebook (PDF)](https://pnwhandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015handballrulebook.pdf) (pnwhandball.org). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 6 February 2015: [USHA Three-Wall Addendum](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-threewall-2015-02-06.md). Printed as: Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [USHA rulebook (PDF)](https://pnwhandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015handballrulebook.pdf) (pnwhandball.org). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 22 January 2017: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2017-01-22.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [30 March 2017](https://web.archive.org/web/20170330074330/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 22 January 2017: [USHA One-Wall Addendum](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2017-01-22.md). Printed as: One-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [30 March 2017](https://web.archive.org/web/20170330074330/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 22 January 2017: [USHA Three-Wall Addendum](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-threewall-2017-01-22.md). Printed as: Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [30 March 2017](https://web.archive.org/web/20170330074330/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 27 January 2019: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2019-01-27.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [4 May 2019](https://web.archive.org/web/20190504115808/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [13 December 2019](https://web.archive.org/web/20191213212625/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 27 January 2019: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2019-01-27.md). Printed as: One-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [4 May 2019](https://web.archive.org/web/20190504110336/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [13 December 2019](https://web.archive.org/web/20191213220335/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 26 January 2020: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2020-01-26.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [13 May 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20200513210800/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [5 August 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20200805160149/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 26 January 2020: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2020-01-26.md). Printed as: One-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [13 May 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20200513204010/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [5 August 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20200805160854/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - September 2020: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2020-09.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [21 September 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20200921100628/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [2 December 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20201202063520/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - September 2020: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2020-09.md). Printed as: One-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [20 September 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20200920054158/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [2 December 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20201202070951/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 22 January 2021: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2021-01-22.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [28 February 2021](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228100541/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [4 August 2021](https://web.archive.org/web/20210804065855/https://www.ushandball.org/oldsite/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 22 January 2021: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2021-01-22.md). Printed as: One-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [28 February 2021](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228103018/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [11 May 2021](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511174543/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - December 2021: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2021-12.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [9 December 2021](https://web.archive.org/web/20211209064241/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [22 January 2022](https://web.archive.org/web/20220122053513/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 23 January 2022: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2022-01-23.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [2 July 2022](https://web.archive.org/web/20220702230307/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [23 February 2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223162344/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 23 January 2022: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2022-01-23.md). Printed as: One-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [20 August 2022](https://web.archive.org/web/20220820050249/https://www.ushandball.org/one-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [28 February 2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240228114434/https://www.ushandball.org/one-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 26 January 2024: [USHA Four-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-fourwall-2024-01-26.md). Printed as: Four-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [15 June 2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240615040024/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [24 January 2025](https://web.archive.org/web/20250124024216/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. - 26 January 2024: [USHA One-Wall Rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2024-01-26.md). Printed as: One-Wall Rulebook, United States Handball Association. Copy read from: [27 May 2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240527190319/https://www.ushandball.org/one-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine); [9 February 2025](https://web.archive.org/web/20250209073037/https://www.ushandball.org/one-wall-rulebook/) (Internet Archive Wayback Machine). Rights: Used with the written permission of the U.S. Handball Association. Rules texts issued by other bodies are not republished here. ## Software and artwork The game uses the open-source software and artwork below under their licences. The full notices are in https://handball.theperfectship.com/THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.txt. - [three.js 0.169](https://threejs.org/) (MIT): the 3D renderer — court, players, ball, every frame you see - [ws 8](https://github.com/websockets/ws) (MIT): WebSocket transport behind online matches - [@neondatabase/serverless 1.2](https://github.com/neondatabase/serverless) (MIT): the Postgres driver behind the learning bots’ server - [jsQR 1.4](https://github.com/cozmo/jsQR) (Apache-2.0): reads QR codes with the camera in the Ref Tool on phones without a built-in reader - [flag-icons 7.5](https://github.com/lipis/flag-icons) (MIT): the country and regional flag artwork - [Fluent Emoji](https://github.com/microsoft/fluentui-emoji) (MIT): the 12 reaction-bubble icons, Flat style, pinned to one commit - [MediaPipe Tasks-Vision](https://developers.google.com/mediapipe) (Apache-2.0): body tracking for selfie-cam control, loaded on demand and never bundled - [MediaPipe Pose Landmarker](https://developers.google.com/mediapipe/solutions/vision/pose_landmarker) (Apache-2.0): the pose model itself (lite and full), fetched from Google’s model store