# The game in Ireland, seen from both shores

In: [Learn](https://handball.theperfectship.com/learn.md) > [History](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history.md) > [The Handball Record](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/record.md) > The game in Ireland, seen from both shores

Chapter 3 of 10. 1867 to 1923. Eras: The alley game before the Association (-1884), The GAA's rules and the Atlantic matches (1884-1923).

Status: Draft, machine-reviewed. A person has not yet read this chapter through.

On Thursday, 4 August 1887, John Lawlor of Dublin and Phil Casey, a former Brooklyn alderman, began the Cork half of a match for the championship of the world in a racket court in Grattan Street. The match was twenty-one games, ten to be played at Cork and eleven at New York. *The Sun* printed the cable from Cork the next morning under the heading "The Great Handball Match Stopped." In the ninth game of the day a cry went up that the gallery was falling, a panic followed, and play was postponed, Lawlor ahead five games to three. A Timaru paper of 17 October carried a paragraph that named the street and gave the same score. By *the Sun* and *the Tribune* of 30 November the Cork series ended six games to four for Lawlor. The *Tribune* put the series in July, against the cable's 4 August. No Cork paper has been read for this chapter.

The match was finished in Brooklyn, not at Sweeney's racket court on 35th Street. An Irish news column printed in *the New Zealand Tablet* on 6 January 1888 gave the arrangement as it stood before the match: the remaining eleven games at Sweeney's, 159 East 35th Street, on Tuesday, 22 November. The game was put off, and on 24 November *the Sun* reported Casey and Lawlor's backer signing an agreement to play the deciding games at Casey's new court in Degraw Street. *The Sun* and *the Tribune* of 30 November both put the last games there, on Tuesday, 29 November, at the court of the Brooklyn Handball Club, whose president was Casey; *the Sun* printed the scores, Lawlor's best being thirteen aces. That rests on two New York papers of the next morning and the *Sun*'s report of the agreement; the one source for Sweeney's is a plan. *The Sun* also gave each man's birthplace, and the labels were reversed: Casey was born in Queen's County, Ireland, and Lawlor in Pennsylvania of Irish parents, taken to Ireland at eighteen months and raised in Dublin. *The Tribune* agreed.

The two men settled the question of the ball by agreement, and *the Sun*'s account of the Brooklyn finish says how: the ball was changed every game. The first game used a black ball of American pattern, an inch and three-quarters across. The second used a smaller Irish ball, white as snow, and a voice from the upper gallery asked whether the players meant to play with marbles. In July 1897, when William Carney beat James Fitzgerald of Tralee at Casey's court in Brooklyn, a wire said Fitzgerald was at a disadvantage in the American game because "at the back of the Irish court there is an open space, while under the American rules there is a solid wall." No paper says that the courts explain the balls, and no Irish source of the period read for this chapter describes the Cork alley or any other.

The record first ties the game to Irish players among emigrants. On 5 October 1867 the Fenian *Irish Republic* of Chicago printed a letter from Minneapolis, signed P. F., asking why young Irishmen, "unquestionably the best ball players in Europe," did not form clubs for base ball and foot ball and also handball and hurly.

In New Zealand the papers describe alleys. *The Auckland Star* of 18 October 1880 called a match at Gleeson's hotel the first establishment of the game in Auckland; its issue of 27 October had described the court as prepared for the American game of handball. In November *the North Otago Times* described a court 60 feet by 27 at the Shamrock Hotel in Oamaru, with a gallery for a hundred, and called the pastime a popular one in the old country. On Saturday, 18 March 1882 Hogan won the handball champion cup at Auckland, and the *Star* of 21 March said he had been "some years ago the champion of the south of Ireland." A Hogan of Auckland, probably the same man, lost to McAuliffe of Timaru, 25 a side, on 30 May 1883, by a wire in *the Evening Post*.

The Irish game, *liathróid láimhe*, is given an old pedigree by GAA Handball's own history page, which says forms of it were played for "over a thousand years," cites the 1527 Statute of Galway against ball games at town walls, and names a court at Ballinrobe of 1776. No dated contemporary source read for this record that ties handball to Irish players goes behind the Chicago letter of 1867, and none of the page's claims has been checked against an Irish source. The same page says that when the Gaelic Athletic Association, *Cumann Lúthchleas Gael*, was founded in 1884, handball was included among the sports to be promoted. An Irish Times account of 2025, published in Irish, says handball was not in the Association's first constitution and became an official part of its activities in the 1920s, when national championships gave it structure. Both are modern summaries, and neither cites the constitution of 1884, which I have not read; I cannot choose between them.

Of the Association's own rules before 1923, the record holds only what American books printed. The same twenty-eight rules appear under the heading *Gaelic Rules* in a handball book of 1903 and in a printing of 1914, and under an Irish-handball heading in Brokaw's book of 1915, apparently all set from the same plates, and again, reset, in Spalding's guide of 1923 as *Rules for Irish Handball or the Hard-Ball Game*. The American publisher's headnote introduces them as "the rules of the Gaelic Athletic Association of Ireland," and the rules are summarized here as the American guides printed them. By those rules the floor was to be 60 feet long or as near it as possible. A short line lay between half and two-thirds of the floor's length from the front wall. The ball was hard and covered with sheepskin or other leather, between one and a half and one and three-quarter ounces. A game was fifteen aces where the American game was twenty-one, and a judge who found one player obstructing another could give a hinder. The headnote says the rules were drafted for alleys of every size and shape. No printing carries a date of adoption; the rules were presumably adopted between the Association's founding in 1884 and the first printing in 1903, and I have found nothing narrower.

On 12 July 1890 *the Evening World* reported Casey, McQuade, Dunne and others sailing for Ireland, Scotland and England to give exhibitions. Casey wrote to *the Sun* from Cork, in a letter printed on 1 August, that a local handball club had met the party. In August 1895 *the Sun* reported that a Cork paper proposed a conference of handball players from the world over to draw up a code of rules. In September it reported Casey's challenge, for himself and ex-Alderman Dunne, to Fitzgerald, the Irish champion, for a home-and-home doubles match at Brooklyn and Tralee. By 27 January 1896 it said the match had not been arranged and called Fitzgerald a convert to its own system of play. On 5 April it reported a convention of handball players planned at Cork for July, with Casey and Dunne for America, and said the *Sun*'s own code, used by the experts in America, would probably be adopted as the standard.

After Carney's win in 1897 Irish players kept appearing in the American papers. In March 1900 *the Jersey City News* reported that P. J. Corby, from Tralee, and Ed. Lawlor of Greenpoint had beaten Mike Egan and P. J. Scott, three games to two, at the Greenpoint court. In June 1903 Egan of Jersey City won the American half of a match against Timothy Twohill of Kanturk, and *the Worcester Spy* of 24 June said the rest would be played at Kanturk on 12 July; I have found no report of that half. In June 1906 *the Sun* reported that James Dunne, Brooklyn's superintendent of sewers, and his son were on their way to Ireland to meet all comers at handball; no report of a match has been found. In January 1909 *the Richmond Palladium* reported a series between John J. Bowles of Limerick and James Kelly of Brooklyn, seven games at Limerick in July and the rest at Brooklyn in September. A Dublin dispatch of 12 July said that at Limerick the day before "the Irishman outclassed Kelly." The Brooklyn half has not been found, and the series is the last in this record billed as Ireland against America.

To American papers the game stayed Irish. *The San Francisco Call* of 25 February 1912 described the old Irish game as fast coming back in the Mission district, with Sunday games on McHugh's court. On 7 February 1916 *the Evening World* reported 4,000 New York schoolboys entering a tournament in "the famous Irish game of handball." On the Irish side the record holds one act of the Association's governance for these years, and it too came by way of Chicago: *the Chicago Citizen* of 16 May 1914, in a report credited to the *Gaelic Athlete*, said that county committees had been instructed to start a handball championship in each county. A Carlow motion to let professional handballers play as amateurs, the report said, could not be permitted, and the congress felt the Association had not done all it might for what it called the second oldest of Irish pastimes. The date of the congress is not printed there.

No Irish newspaper of the period, GAA Official Guide, county rule book or GAA archive has been read for this record. The catalogs of the National Library of Ireland and Trinity College Dublin were reachable, and no item from either was read. Every Irish event in this chapter rests on American or colonial papers or on GAA Handball's own page and one modern Irish Times article. A Cork newspaper reaches the record only as clipped by others: a New Zealand paper of 2 September 1887 quoted *the Cork Examiner* of 1 July, which said Lawlor, "the champion player of Ireland," had come to Cork to take charge of the ball-court in Grattan Street. The rules and bye-laws of the Co. Dublin Handball Committee of 1905 are at the National Library of Ireland, unread. The date of the twenty-eight rules and whether the Cork convention of 1896 met are open.

In 1922 *the New York Herald* named Joe Heaney and Bill Bryan, who claimed the world doubles championship, as likely to be the American team at the Irish Olympic games in Dublin, having "defeated all comers at Casey's alley, Brooklyn." In 1923 Spalding's guide printed the Irish rules for American readers, and on 26 December *the Washington Times* printed the A.A.U.'s list of national championships for 1924, which put a hard-ball handball championship at Brooklyn beside the four-wall and one-wall events, dates not yet selected. The list does not say which rules the hard-ball event would use, and I have found no report that it was held. GAA Handball's page dates its first championships sponsored by the Association to the same year, 1923, and the founding of the Irish Handball Council to 1924.

## Where to next

- Previous: [Casey's court and the Sun's rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/record/02-caseys-court-and-the-suns-rules.md) (the 1890 tour, told once, in this chapter)
- Next: [Amateurs and world champions](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/record/04-amateurs-and-world-champions.md)

## What this draws on

### Eras

- [The alley game before the Association (-1884)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/ie-alley-game-before-the-gaa.md)
- [The GAA's rules and the Atlantic matches (1884-1923)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/ie-gaa-rules-and-the-atlantic-matches.md)

### Threads

- [The Irish game abroad and at home](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/the-irish-game-abroad-and-at-home.md)

### People

- [Phil Casey](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/phil-casey.md)
- [John Lawlor](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/john-lawlor.md)
- [James Dunne](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/james-dunne.md)
- [Bernard McQuade](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/bernard-mcquade.md)
- [James Fitzgerald](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/james-fitzgerald.md)
- [Timothy Twohill](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/timothy-twohill.md)
- [Michael J. Egan](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/michael-j-egan.md)

### Organizations

- [Gaelic Athletic Association of Ireland](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/gaa.md)
- [GAA Handball](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/gaa-handball.md)
- [Irish Handball Council](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/irish-handball-council.md)
- [Brooklyn Handball Club](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/brooklyn-handball-club.md)

### Courts and places

- [Phil Casey's court](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/places/phil-caseys-court-brooklyn.md)

### Rulebook editions

- Gaelic Rules

### Dated facts

- [1867: Announced Christmas Day hand ball game at Pendergast alley, South Street, Memphis (Ryan and Hackett v McGrin and McNamara)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1867.md)
- [1867: Chicago Fenian paper letter urges young Irishmen to form ball clubs including hand ball and hurly](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1867.md)
- [1880: First Auckland handball court (Gleeson's hotel, Oct 1880) and an Oamaru court 60 x 27 ft (Shamrock Hotel, Nov 1880)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1880.md)
- 1882: Invercargill fire destroys the handball court of the Hibernian Hotel
- 1882: P. Hogan, a former champion of the south of Ireland, wins the Gleeson handball cup in Auckland from Sweeney
- [1883: McAuliffe of Timaru beats Hogan of Auckland, 25 a side, at Auckland (and a 40-a-side match on the Saturday)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1883.md)
- [1887: Casey beat Lawlor in the first seven of the eleven New York games, winning the international match and the 'championship of the world', at the Brooklyn Handball Club court, Degraw Street](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1887.md)
- [1887: First ten games of the Casey v Lawlor international match, Grattan Street racquet court, Cork: Lawlor won six, Casey four (eight played on 4 Aug, interrupted by a gallery panic)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1887.md)
- [1888: J. A. Keenan, 'champion handball player of Australia', challenges Casey for the championship of the world](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1888.md)
- [1890: Casey, McQuade, Dunne and others sail 12 July 1890 for an Irish exhibition tour; return Aug-Sept](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1890.md)
- 1895: Casey and ex-Alderman Dunne challenge Fitzgerald (Irish champion) and any other Irishman to a home-and-home doubles match: Brooklyn Dec/Jan, Tralee Jul/Aug
- 1895: The Sun of 20 Aug 1895 prints a proposal, apparently from a Cork paper (OCR damaged), for a conference of handball lovers 'throughout the world' to promote the game and draw up a code of rules; Alderman Dunne of Brooklyn would attend
- [1896: Sun reports a handball convention planned at Cork for July 1896 to arrange uniform rules, at which 'THE SUN code used by the experts in America' would probably be adopted as the standard](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1896.md)
- [1896: Sun: Irish champion James Fitzgerald of Tralee is a convert to the system of play laid down in THE SUN's rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1896.md)
- [1897: Irish and American courts differ: open space at the back of the Irish court, solid back wall under American rules](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1897.md)
- [1897: William Carney (Chicago, of Swineford, Mayo) beats James Fitzgerald (Tralee) for the 'world's championship' at Phil Casey's court, Brooklyn](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1897.md)
- [1900: James Fitzgerald (Irish champion) and Louis Keegan beat William Carney ('champion of the world') and Captain Ward, 3 games of 5, at Chicago](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1900.md)
- [1900: P. J. Corby (from Tralee) and Ed. Lawlor beat Mike Egan and P. J. Scott 3-2 at the Greenpoint court](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1900.md)
- [1903: Egan beat Timothy Twohill of Kanturk 7-0 at Jersey City (23 Jun) in the first half of a best-of-15 'international' match for the world championship, $1,500; second half in Ireland 12 July; Phil Casey referee, Dr. A. M. Gillen scorer](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1903.md)
- [1906: James Dunne, Superintendent of Sewers in Brooklyn, and his son James Dunne Jr. sail for Europe to play handball in Ireland and unveil a Cork monument](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1906.md)
- [1909: John J. Bowles (Limerick) and James Kelly (Brooklyn) play for the 'International Handball Championship of the World': best of 15 games of 21 aces, seven at Limerick (5-11 July) and the rest at Brooklyn in September; Bowles outclassed Kelly in the first half at Limerick on 11 July](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1909.md)
- [1912: San Francisco Call: the 'old Irish game' of handball is 'fast coming back', with Sunday games on McHugh's court, Twenty-fifth and Bryant streets, Mission district](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1912.md)
- [1914: G.A.A. congress instructs county committees to start a handball championship in each county (reprinted in Chicago)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1914.md)
- [1916: 4,000 New York elementary schoolboys enter a handball tournament, 'the famous Irish game'](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1916.md)
- [1920: An Irish Times article of 2025 says handball was not in the GAA's first constitution and became an official part of its activities in the 1920s, when national championships gave it structure; GAA Handball's own page says it was included from 1884](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1920.md)
- [1922: Joe Heaney and Bill Bryan, Brooklyn doubles claimants of the world title, likely American team to the Irish games in Dublin; they 'defeated all comers at Casey's alley, Brooklyn'](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1922.md)
- [1923: A.A.U. awards its 1924 national handball championships: four-wall senior at Los Angeles, four-wall junior at Pittsburgh, one-wall at New York, hard-ball at Brooklyn (convention at Detroit closed 20 Nov 1923)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1923.md)

### Open questions it touches

- H-13 (open): The 28 "Gaelic Rules" / "Rules for Irish Hand Ball" printed in US books in 1903, 1914, 1915 and 1923 (Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903) L881, Michael Egan, Hand Ball and How to Play It (1914) L1325, James I. Brokaw, How to Play American Hand Ball (1915) L2219, Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923) L3923) are one GAA edition, adopted by the GAA some time 1884–1903; the year of adoption is unknown
- H-87 (open): Casey v Lawlor (Cork racquet court, Grattan Street, 4 Aug 1887, 21 games for 400 pounds/ $2000 a side; Lawlor won 6-4 in Cork) was concluded at Sweeney's court, 159 East 35th Street, New York, in Nov 1887 with Casey winning the first seven games and the match, played alternately with the American large ball and the small Irish ball
- H-92 (open): A handball convention planned at Cork for July 1896 (Dunne and Casey to represent America) was meant to arrange uniform rules, with THE SUN code used by the American experts probably adopted as the standard; a Cork press proposal of Aug 1895 for a world conference to draw up a code of rules preceded it. Whether the convention was held is unknown
- H-54 (supported): The 1903 (Deshong), 1914 (Egan) and 1915 (Brokaw) printings of the GAA rules were printed from the same plates (American Sports Publishing reused the setting)

## Sources

- [Auckland Star, 18 October 1880 (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18801018.2.17)
- [Auckland Star, 21 March 1882 (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18820321.2.17)
- [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)
- [Evening Post, 28 May 1888, "Additional Mail News" (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18880528.2.13)
- [Evening Post, 31 May 1883, "Telegrams" (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18830531.2.24)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, 4-wall championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, 60 x 30 adult Gael Linn, 1954-1979 roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, hardball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, softball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, wallball nationals roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 1-Wall (Wexford GAA copy) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Playing-Rules-1-wall.pdf)
- [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 4-Wall, Wallball, 60x30 Softball and Hardball (Wexford GAA copy), file dated 29 May 2025 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Playing-Rules-4-Wall-Wallball-60x30-Softball-Hardball-2025.pdf)
- [James I. Brokaw, How to Play American Hand Ball (1915)](https://www.loc.gov/item/16024697/)
- [jeudepaume.fr, World Wall Ball Association page (seen 28 October 2026)](https://jeudepaume.fr/wwba-1.php)
- [Los Angeles Herald (Los Angeles), 13 July 1909, p. 13](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042462/1909-07-13/ed-1/?sp=13)
- [Maurice W. Deshong, The Game of Hand Ball and How to Play It (1893)](https://www.loc.gov/item/ca05001384/)
- [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- [New York Journal (New York), 8 January 1897, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024350/1897-01-08/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [New-York Tribune (New York), 13 July 1904, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1904-07-13/ed-1/?sp=4)
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- [New-York Tribune (New York), 30 November 1887, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1887-11-30/ed-1/?sp=7)
- [North Otago Times, 17 November 1880 (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NOT18801117.2.6)
- [Otago Daily Times, 6 January 1882, "The Invercargill Fire" (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18820106.2.30)
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- [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- [The Chicago Citizen (Chicago), 16 May 1914, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90053031/1914-05-16/ed-1/?sp=1)
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- [The Evening World (New York), 7 February 1916, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1916-02-07/ed-1/?sp=10)
- [The Irish Republic (Chicago), 5 October 1867, p. 13](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn94054745/1867-10-05/ed-1/?sp=13)
- [The Irish Times, "Traidisiún fada na liathróide láimhe" (Gaeilge section, 14 October 2025)](https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/sceal/2025/10/14/traidisiun-fada-na-liathroide-laimhe/)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 26 March 1900, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1900-03-26/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 9 January 1897, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1897-01-09/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Minneapolis Journal (Minneapolis), 26 May 1903, p. 18](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045366/1903-05-26/ed-1/?sp=18)
- [The New York Herald (New York), 14 June 1922, p. 14](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045774/1922-06-14/ed-1/?sp=14)
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- [The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City), 20 March 1904, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045396/1904-03-20/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The San Francisco Call (San Francisco), 14 January 1912, p. 36](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85066387/1912-01-14/ed-1/?sp=36)
- [The San Francisco Call (San Francisco), 25 February 1912, p. 38](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85066387/1912-02-25/ed-1/?sp=38)
- [The Seattle Star (Seattle), 20 November 1923, p. 13](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87093407/1923-11-20/ed-1/?sp=13)
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- [The Sun (New York), 1 August 1890, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-08-01/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 20 August 1895, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1895-08-20/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [The Sun (New York), 21 January 1897, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1897-01-21/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Sun (New York), 23 September 1895, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1895-09-23/ed-1/?sp=5)
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- [The Sun (New York), 27 January 1896, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-01-27/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [The Sun (New York), 29 November 1890, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-11-29/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Sun (New York), 30 November 1887, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-11-30/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 5 April 1896, p. 30](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-04-05/ed-1/?sp=30)
- [The Sun (New York), 5 August 1887, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-08-05/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 6 June 1906, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1906-06-06/ed-1/?sp=8)
- [The Sun (New York), 9 January 1897, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1897-01-09/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Washington Times (Washington, D.C.), 26 December 1923, p. 18](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1923-12-26/ed-1/?sp=18)
- [The Worcester Spy (Worcester), 24 June 1903, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86086481/1903-06-24/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [Waterbury Democrat (Waterbury), 8 May 1902, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053725/1902-05-08/ed-1/?sp=7)
- [Worcester Morning Daily Spy (Worcester), 5 July 1897, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93058748/1897-07-05/ed-1/?sp=5)

## Corrections

Found a mistake, or a source we missed? Email perfectshipllc@gmail.com with the subject "History correction: The game in Ireland, seen from both shores (/history/record/03-the-game-in-ireland-seen-from-both-shores/)". Please name the page and, if you can, the source.