# What this record cannot tell you

In: [Learn](https://handball.theperfectship.com/learn.md) > [History](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history.md) > [The Handball Record](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/record.md) > What this record cannot tell you

Closing section. 1860 to 2026. Eras: Racket courts and saloon alleys: New York before the clubs (1860s-1887), Casey's court, the Brooklyn Handball Club and The Sun's rules (1887-1896), The A.A.U. takes the amateur game; the professionals keep the 'world' title (1896-1919), One-wall rises in New York (1915-1922), The A.A.U. rule codes: four-wall, one-wall, hardball (1920-1950), The USHA, the common rules and the end of A.A.U. handball (1951-1978), USHA alone: one body, three codes, online rules (1978-), Wallball organizes: the big ball finds its bodies (1996-), The alley game before the Association (-1884), The GAA's rules and the Atlantic matches (1884-1923), The Irish Handball Council: All-Irelands, softball, the 40x20 (1924-2008), GAA Handball: four codes, one rulebook (2009-).

Status: Draft, machine-reviewed. A person has not yet read this chapter through.

The *New-York Daily Tribune* of Wednesday, 13 July 1904, ran an obituary of Philip Casey on page four. It said he "died at his home, No. 295 Degraw-st., Brooklyn, yesterday," which makes the day 12 July. The *Waterbury Evening Democrat* of that Tuesday, 12 July, had reported only that he was dying at his Brooklyn home of cancer of the stomach. A photograph of his headstone, posted to a volunteer grave-records site, reads July 11, 1904. The record gives 12 July from the newspapers and carries the headstone's date beside it. No Brooklyn paper has been read for the week, and the *Brooklyn Daily Eagle* is the first one to try. Most of the absences below have this shape: a document found on one side of a question, and the other side not yet looked for or looked for and not found.

**Before 1860.** No issue of the *Clipper*, the *Herald* or the *Brooklyn Daily Eagle* from before 1860 has been read for this record. The earliest witness is a line in an advertisement for the *Clipper* in the *New-York Daily Tribune* of 10 April 1860, "Hand Ball in Philadelphia," and the report it points to has not been seen. The line is the earliest report found. It does not show that handball in New York began then, and the older papers have not been searched for this record to find out.

**The *Brooklyn Daily Eagle*.** The *Eagle* was the paper of Casey's city and Dunne's, and of the boroughs where the one-wall game grew. The gaps of the early racket-court years, the Casey years, the amateur championships, the one-wall years and two of the threads all name it, and no page of it has been read for any of them. It is also the remaining test of a claim about the Spalding rules of 1886: nothing in the Chronicling America pages for 1884 to 1889 shows any body adopting them, and the *Eagle* for 1885 to 1887 has not been checked. It was not looked for. It is the next step.

**Who wrote the codes.** The author of the New York code of 1873 in Ed. James's *Manual of Sporting Rules* is not known, nor whether the *Clipper* printed it earlier. Who put its near-verbatim reprint in the *Sun* in March 1889 is not known either, though the text is James's code in its Spalding state of 1886 with a weight added. The reform the *Sun* proposed on 27 October 1890 was never found in print as a text: the only full printings of the code that were found, the *Sun*'s of 1889 and the *Houston Post*'s of 1898, are the code before it. No A.A.U. rules text has been found for the years from 1897 to 1903, or from 1903 to 1920, and the 1920 text is a fresh draft. The Union's minutes for 1896, 1908, 1919 to 1923 and 1927 are not captured, so its votes are known from press notices or from a printed heading, and the minutes of 20 November 1922 and the names of the one-wall drafters are missing with them. The texts were looked for in the sweeps of Chronicling America and in the editions read, and not found; the minutes are simply not captured.

**Ireland before 1963.** No Irish newspaper, GAA Official Guide, county rule book, GAA archive or Irish-language source has been read. The catalogs of the National Library of Ireland and Trinity College Dublin were reached and no item in them was read. The county rules of 1905 held at the National Library are unread, and so are the two standard histories, McElligott's of 1984 and Holland's of 2004. What stands in their place is American and colonial newspapers and GAA Handball's history page, a web summary. The 28 rules printed in American books are dated only to between 1884 and 1903, and no source says when the GAA adopted them. Whether the Cork convention planned for July 1896 met is not known. The body formed in 1924 appears as the Irish Amateur Handball Association in one account and the Irish Handball Council in another, and nothing read shows whether these are one body or two. The origin of softball is undated: the rolls start in 1925 with softball beside hardball. The one international match of 1957 is known only from an American rule book of 1962, seen in a seller's photographs. None of this was looked for beyond the catalogs.

**Results that are not in the record.** The record holds no A.A.U. championship results for 1899 to 1918; the list on the USHA's site starts in 1919. No one-wall results come before 1959, the first year of the USHA's list. A table of national Y.M.C.A. four-wall winners from 1925 is printed in a 1946 handbook, which has been seen only in a seller's photographs and whose names have not been read. The hard-ball national awarded for 1924 has no report, and the hard-ball code has no championship results. The Gael Linn roll for 1954 to 1979 and the lists of world championships were captured and not parsed. The GAA's rolls of honor are held pending the association's permission, and no champion from them is named here. The lists exist where they start; what lies before them was measured by looking, and what lies in the captured files has not been read.

**1924 to 1950.** The facts of the era stop at the end of 1923, and no newspaper year from 1924 to 1950 has been swept, so champions in these years are known from rolls alone. The A.A.U.'s annual books for 1932 to 1942 are copyright registrations, and the 1949 printing is a library catalog record. The guides of 1926 and 1927 exist only as printed copies at a library. The Y.M.C.A.'s leaflets of 1929 and its rules of 1940 and 1952 are registrations and seller's photographs. The A.A.U. court of about 24 by 48 feet in the 1923 text is 22 by 46 in the 1928 guide and 20 by 40 in a booklet of 1968; no text read dates the step between the last two. Whether the suggested rule changes printed in 1923 were adopted in the revision of 1927 and 1928 has not been tested against the 1928 text.

**1951 to 1978.** The USHA's magazine, *Ace*, for 1951 to 1967 is not online anywhere, and a run from 1971 to 2005 sits in a closed Internet Archive collection. No USHA rule text from before 1990 is held. The unified four-wall rules are dated to 1958 by the introduction of a 1968 booklet and a 1971 USHA tribute, and to 1958 or 1959 by secondary pages, and no text, minute or contemporary report of the adoption has been found; the photographed committee page has its year cut off. The A.A.U.'s books for 1955 to 1962 are searchable only or known from photographs. No primary source dates the A.A.U.'s exit from handball: it printed rules to at least 1962, joined in a unified booklet in 1968 that says the USHA decided not to take part in publishing it, and is cited for rules of 1983. No newspaper sweep covers these years. They were sought and found closed.

**The 1980s.** This is the decade nothing captured can fill. No USHA rulebook for 1978 to 1989 is held, the magazine for the years is in the closed collection, and the record holds no newspaper text from the decade and no document made in it. Five dated items stand there, and none is a source text of its time: the USHA roll's first women's open titles in 1980 and its relabeling of open singles as pro singles in 1986 and 1987, a Hall of Fame list of 2004 that shows seven players inducted from 1983 to 1989, GAA Handball's history page on Britain entering the world championships in 1984, and the National Library of Ireland's listing of two Irish books of 1984. The closed magazine run is the place to look, and the USHA may hold a run of issues.

**Texts the record holds and cannot show.** The GAA's rulebooks from 2019 to 2026, the Council's booklet of January 2009, the USWA's three texts of 2021, 2022 and 2026 and the 2023 rules of the international wallball body are held pending the issuers' permission, and are paraphrased and not quoted. The Council's items of 1963 and 1997 are known only from catalog and bibliography entries and have not been seen. The 1903 hardball rules are the one GAA text that may be quoted. The six A.A.U. editions from 1949 to 1967 are treated as in copyright until a renewal search is recorded. The GAA's books for 2009 to 2015 were not found, and its 2016 PDF could not be read with the tools used. The project's rights records measure these limits, and the limits are the project's.

**The big ball before 1996, and the bodies after.** The big-ball game of the New York parks before 1996 has no source at all; the only accounts are the ones its own organizations give. No USWA rules text is held from before April 2021 or from between November 2022 and October 2026, and the event rules of the King of the Courts from 1998 to 2025 are listed on a website and were not captured. The World Wall Ball Association of 2012 and the World Handball Council have left no constitution, member list or rules that were found. The earlier wallball rules of the international body, an annex of 2018, are uncaptured, and the first three articles of its 2023 text are unread. The USHA's board minutes, the stated home of its rule changes, are not captured.

**Dates the record carries provisionally.** GAA Handball's page says handball was officially included when the GAA was founded in 1884; an Irish Times article of 2025 says it was not in the first constitution and became official in the 1920s. The same page puts the first GAA-sponsored championships in 1923, and the rolls begin in 1925. The USHA's own texts date its start to 1950, the Players' Fraternity, and to 1951. The first 40 by 20 court in Ireland is 1969 by GAA Handball's page, and an American magazine of October 1971 reports a Dublin court as newly built. The USHA as the sole American governing body since 1978 rests on one secondary claim. The date the Irish body took the name GAA Handball is stated in no capture, and the record opens its era in 2009 only by hypothesis. Each carries both values, or a hedge, where it appears.

An absence in this record is one of two kinds. Either something was searched for and not found, which is a finding, or no one has yet read the place where it would be, which is a task. The 1980s are the decade that no captured material fills. The next reading is the *Brooklyn Daily Eagle*, then an Irish newspaper run, and then the closed magazine collection.

## Where to next

- Previous: [Four codes, one rulebook](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/record/10-four-codes-one-rulebook.md)

## What this draws on

### Eras

- [Racket courts and saloon alleys: New York before the clubs (1860s-1887)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-racket-courts-and-saloon-alleys.md)
- [Casey's court, the Brooklyn Handball Club and The Sun's rules (1887-1896)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-casey-brooklyn-and-the-suns-rules.md)
- [The A.A.U. takes the amateur game; the professionals keep the 'world' title (1896-1919)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-aau-amateur-championships.md)
- [One-wall rises in New York (1915-1922)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-one-wall-rises-in-new-york.md)
- [The A.A.U. rule codes: four-wall, one-wall, hardball (1920-1950)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-aau-rule-codes.md)
- [The USHA, the common rules and the end of A.A.U. handball (1951-1978)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-usha-and-the-common-rules.md)
- [USHA alone: one body, three codes, online rules (1978-)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-usha-alone.md)
- [Wallball organizes: the big ball finds its bodies (1996-)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/us-wallball-organises.md)
- [The alley game before the Association (-1884)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/ie-alley-game-before-the-gaa.md)
- [The GAA's rules and the Atlantic matches (1884-1923)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/ie-gaa-rules-and-the-atlantic-matches.md)
- [The Irish Handball Council: All-Irelands, softball, the 40x20 (1924-2008)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/ie-irish-handball-council.md)
- [GAA Handball: four codes, one rulebook (2009-)](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/eras/ie-gaa-handball-four-codes.md)

### Threads

- [Who writes the rules: court keeper, newspaper, federation, board](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/who-writes-the-rules.md)
- [One-wall becomes its own game](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/one-wall-becomes-its-own-game.md)
- [Professionals and amateurs: the world title and the A.A.U.](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/professionals-and-amateurs-the-world-title-and-the-aau.md)
- [The Irish game abroad and at home](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/the-irish-game-abroad-and-at-home.md)
- [The Y.M.C.A. and the gym game](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/the-ymca-and-the-gym-game.md)
- [The ball: from 'about two inches' to 1 7/8 in and 61 grams](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/the-ball.md)
- [The court shrinks: 60 x 30 in Ireland, 65 x 24 to 20 x 40 in America](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/the-court-shrinks.md)
- [The serve: one ace line, then two lines, then the short line](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/the-serve.md)
- [Hinder: a word that changed meaning](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/threads/hinder-a-word-that-changed-meaning.md)

### People

- [Phil Casey](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/people/phil-casey.md)

### Organizations

- [United States Handball Association](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/usha.md)
- [Amateur Athletic Union of the United States](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/aau.md)
- [GAA Handball](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/gaa-handball.md)
- [Irish Handball Council](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/irish-handball-council.md)
- [United States Wallball Association](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/organizations/uswa.md)

### Courts and places

- [Phil Casey's court](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/places/phil-caseys-court-brooklyn.md)

### Rulebook editions

- Gaelic Rules
- Official Playing Rules (Handball Playing Rules)
- WALLBALL RULES
- USWA OFFICIAL RULES
- Official Rules, Handball (A.A.U.)

### Dated facts

- 1860: A New-York Daily Tribune advertisement for the New York Clipper lists 'Hand Ball in Philadelphia' (10 April 1860); the Clipper's report itself is not seen
- [1904: Phil Casey, for 25 years handball champion of the world, died at his Brooklyn home on 12 July 1904, aged 56](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1904.md)
- [1920: An Irish Times article of 2025 says handball was not in the GAA's first constitution and became an official part of its activities in the 1920s, when national championships gave it structure; GAA Handball's own page says it was included from 1884](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1920.md)
- [1924: Irish handball gets a national governing body in 1924: the Irish Amateur Handball Association in one account, the Irish Handball Council in another](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1924.md)
- [1925: A table in a 1946 handbook lists national Y.M.C.A. four-wall soft-ball handball tournament winners from 1925 on](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1925.md)
- [1925: The GAA Handball rolls of honour for the All-Ireland senior hardball and softball championships both open in 1925, two years after the GAA page's date for its first championships](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1925.md)
- [1928: Spalding's 1928 guide prints the A.A.U. four-wall court as 22 x 46 x 22 ft, down from 24 x 48 ft in the 1923 text](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1928.md)
- 1946: The Converse Rubber Company's 1946 Handball Handbook (15 cents) prints the game's history, rules and tables of A.A.U. singles champions 1919-1946 and Y.M.C.A. winners 1925-1946
- [1950: A group of leading handball players and administrators forms a Players' Fraternity in 1950 under Bob Kendler: the USHA's own texts date its start 1950 or 1951](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1950.md)
- [1958: The Y.M.C.A., A.A.U., Jewish Welfare Board and USHA adopt common 'Unified' four-wall rules in 1958, with Charles J. O'Connell as chairman of the rules committee](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1958.md)
- 1968: A.A.U., Jewish Welfare Board and Y.M.C.A. issue a 1968 revision of the unified rules without the USHA, which 'decided not to participate in publishing' it; its four-wall court is 20 x 40 x 20 ft
- [1969: The first American-style 40 x 20 ft four-wall court in Ireland is dated 1969 by GAA Handball, but a USHA report of autumn 1971 still calls the first 20 x 40 court a new event](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1969.md)
- 1980: The USHA roll first lists women's open titles in four-wall, three-wall and the collegiates in 1980, a year after girls' junior divisions appear
- 1983: Seven players are inducted into the USHA Hall of Fame between 1983 and 1989, and four contributors
- [1984: 1984 brings two Irish handball books: T. J. McElligott's 'The Story of Handball' and the Irish Handball Council's 'Handball: fás agus forbairt'](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1984.md)
- [1984: Britain enters a team in the world championships for the first time in 1984](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history/years/1984.md)
- 1986: The USHA roll relabels the open singles title as Pro Singles for three-wall in 1986 and for one-wall in 1987

### Open questions it touches

- H-03 (open): YMCA and other rule sets were merged into the Unified Handball Rules in 1959
- H-04 (open): USHA has been the sole US governing body since 1978
- H-13 (open): The 28 "Gaelic Rules" / "Rules for Irish Hand Ball" printed in US books in 1903, 1914, 1915 and 1923 (Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903) L881, Michael Egan, Hand Ball and How to Play It (1914) L1325, James I. Brokaw, How to Play American Hand Ball (1915) L2219, Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923) L3923) are one GAA edition, adopted by the GAA some time 1884–1903; the year of adoption is unknown
- H-14 (open): The A.A.U. "Revised Handball Rules … for the Government of the National Championship in Singles" (printed 1903 and again 1914) revise the rules "especially drafted by the A.A.U." for the first national championship, Jersey City, 7–8 January 1897
- H-15 (narrowed): The 1923 A.A.U. four-wall rules (35 numbered rules, Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923) L3552–3703) descend from the "Revised Handball Rules" of 1903/1914 through AAU editions not yet found
- H-18 (open): Some of the seven "Suggested Rule Changes" in the 1923 guide (Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923) L3707–3742) were adopted in a later A.A.U. edition (1924–1928)
- H-19 (open): The AAU, USHA and YMCA agreed common rules in 1958 (not 1959) and held one tournament; the USHA broke away again in 1961. Related to H-03 (1959)
- H-89 (narrowed): The 'set rules of the game' printed in The Sun of 17 March 1889 p.7 (21 aces; ball c.2 in, 1 1/3 oz; ace line in the centre of the court; hinders; referee chosen by the players) are the rules of the Brooklyn Handball Club or of Casey's circle, and are the 'rules formulated by [its] committee' that the Tribune of 27 Dec 1896 calls standard (H-01), not an 1886 publication
- H-91 (open): The Sun (New York) proposed on 27 Oct 1890 (article A Change in the Style of Play) that service be restricted, either by a line on the front wall or by compelling the server to stand at the ace line, and by 21 Nov 1890 the Brooklyn and Murray Hill courts played under it; the Brooklyn Handball Club voted on 4 Jan 1891 to play all games under the new rules; by Sept 1892 the Sun speaks of service from the short line. The Sun line of the 1893 rules (H-70) is this reform, so the 1893 second service line is the Sun short line of 1890-92, not an A.A.U. innovation
- H-92 (open): A handball convention planned at Cork for July 1896 (Dunne and Casey to represent America) was meant to arrange uniform rules, with THE SUN code used by the American experts probably adopted as the standard; a Cork press proposal of Aug 1895 for a world conference to draw up a code of rules preceded it. Whether the convention was held is unknown
- H-100 (open): Handball was played in New York racket courts and saloon alleys before 1860: the Clipper's April 1860 notice 'Hand Ball in Philadelphia' (A New-York Daily Tribune advertisement for the New York Clipper lists 'Hand Ball in Philadelphia' (10 April 1860); the Clipper's report itself is not seen) is the earliest report found, not the beginning of the game here; Racket courts and saloon alleys: New York before the clubs (1860s-1887) starts at 1860 only as the earliest witness
- H-102 (open): The Irish Amateur Handball Association (first meeting 27 Jan 1924, from a secondary source) and the Irish Handball Council 'established' in 1924 (gaahandball.ie history page, GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)) are one body under two names, or the Council succeeded the Association within months
- H-103 (open): GAA Handball became the name of the Irish governing body in 2009, succeeding the Irish Handball Council; this record has no dated statement (GAA Handball notes: the 2009 foundingDate in the page source belongs to the web agency), so GAA Handball: four codes, one rulebook (2009-) starts at 2009 only by this hypothesis
- H-104 (open): Irish 60x30 softball was a separate championship code by 1925 (the All-Ireland senior softball roll begins in 1925, All-Ireland 60x30 Softball Championships) and had its own rules distinct from the 28-rule hardball text (Gaelic Rules (1903)) by then; the start of the softball code is not found in any captured source
- H-106 (narrowed): The USHA four-wall court of 20 x 40 ft (Four-Wall Rulebook (2025) Rule 2.1/A) replaced the A.A.U.'s 24 x 48 ft court (Official Handball Rules of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (1923) R1) through an intermediate standard adopted between 1923 and 1951, probably in the AAU rules of the late 1920s-1930s; no captured text dates the change
- H-107 (open): The era of USHA as the sole US governing body (USHA alone: one body, three codes, online rules (1978-)) begins in 1978 only by the secondary claim H-04; the AAU may have stopped sanctioning handball earlier (its last listed national is 1950, H-100) or later (AAU rules were still printed in 1960, H-32)
- H-122 (open): Phil Casey died on 11 July 1904 (headstone and Find a Grave memorial 170807793), not 12 July as Phil Casey, for 25 years handball champion of the world, died at his Brooklyn home on 12 July 1904, aged 56 has it from newspaper reports
- H-128 (supported): The AAU's 1962 handball book dates the three-wall jai-alai type court's official opening to November 29, 1959 at Forrest Park Playground, Queens, New York, and the first all-glass court to the Aurora, Illinois YMCA in 1958; it also says the first international match in over twenty years was held in Ireland in 1957 with New York Athletic Club players winning four of seven matches
- H-130 (open): The 1963 'Official rules' recorded in a UK union catalog (Open Library OL19862672M; author heading 'Irish Handball Association', publisher 'Gaelic Athletic Assoc') is a handball rule book of the Irish Handball Council (Official rules (1963))
- H-133 (open): The AAU still issued an 'Official Handball Rules' in 1983 (cited 'Official handball rules, New York, 1983, The Amateur Athletic Union' in Sports and recreational activities, 1987 ed.); later handbooks cite 'current ed.' at 231 West 58th St. These may be stale bibliography entries rather than new AAU editions
- H-147 (open): The USHA began in 1950 as a Players' Fraternity pulled together by Bob Kendler and became an operating national body with its first nationals in 1951; the 1950 vs 1951 founding dates in USHA's own texts (1972 magazine: group formed 1950, Kendler broke with the AAU 1951; 1998 past-president letter: 'our 48 years'; website 1951; Irish Times 2025: founded 1951) describe two steps, not a conflict

## Sources

- [[James E.] Sullivan, Official Sporting Rules (1909)](https://www.loc.gov/item/unk82075824/)
- [Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, Official Athletic Rules (1908 handbook)](https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/officialathletic01amat/officialathletic01amat.pdf)
- Amateur Athletic Union, official athletic rules (Library of Congress digitised volume, 1920)
- [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of Canada, Official Handbook (1904)](https://archive.org/details/cihm_85174)
- [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America, Official Handbook (1899)](https://archive.org/details/officialhandbook01athl)
- [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America, Official Handbook (1913)](https://archive.org/details/officialhandbook05athl)
- [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America, Official Handbook (1915)](https://archive.org/details/officialhandbook06athl)
- [Auckland Star, 21 March 1882 (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18820321.2.17)
- [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- [Chicago Daily Tribune (Chicago), 19 September 1881, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031492/1881-09-19/ed-1/?sp=8)
- [Chicago Eagle (Chicago), 5 February 1916, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84025828/1916-02-05/ed-1/?sp=8)
- [Chicago Tribune (Chicago), 14 June 1872, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014064/1872-06-14/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [Chicago Tribune (Chicago), 26 April 1867, p. 2](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014064/1867-04-26/ed-1/?sp=2)
- [CIJB Wallball Rules (English), file dated 23 March 2023 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://cijb.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wallball_eng-1.pdf)
- [Colorado Handball Association, "Part 1" (Wayback snapshot of 14 September 2000)](https://web.archive.org/web/20000914195049/http://www.cohandball.com:80/rule_book/rulesvr99%20with%20interpretations.htm)
- [Colorado Handball Association, "The Official United States Handball Association Handball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 19 May 1998)](https://web.archive.org/web/19980519203944/http://www.cohandball.com:80/official_united_states_handball_.htm)
- [Daily Capital Journal (Salem), 4 October 1915, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn99063957/1915-10-04/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [eBay listing 117431883952: seller photographs of "Handball Official Unified Playing Rules" (A.A.U., J.W.B., Y.M.C.A., 1968) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/117431883952)
- [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)
- [eBay listing 206605328625: seller photographs of the unified handball playing rules (Y.M.C.A., 1960) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/206605328625)
- [eBay listing 236990513620: seller photographs of a Converse handball handbook (1946) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/236990513620)
- [eBay listing 237044877541: seller photographs of Y.M.C.A. handball rules (1952) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/237044877541)
- [eBay listing 286432748460: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1960) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/286432748460)
- [eBay listing 800803333404: seller photographs of Y.M.C.A. handball rules (revised 15 February 1940) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/800803333404)
- [eBay listing 800810243429: seller photographs of "Handball Official Unified Playing Rules" (A.A.U., J.W.B., Y.M.C.A., 1968) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/800810243429)
- [Ed James, Manual of sporting rules (1873)](https://archive.org/details/manualofsporting00jame)
- [Evening Post, 28 May 1888, "Additional Mail News" (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18880528.2.13)
- [Evening Post, 31 May 1883, "Telegrams" (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18830531.2.24)
- [Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 28 April 1919, p. 17](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1919-04-28/ed-1/?sp=17)
- [Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 6 April 1909, p. 13](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1909-04-06/ed-1/?sp=13)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, 4-wall championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, 60 x 30 adult Gael Linn, 1954-1979 roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, hardball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, softball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, wallball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Ireland, wallball nationals roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour) (Results from GAA Handball's rolls of honour (gaahandball.ie), credited to GAA Handball.)
- [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 1-Wall (Wexford GAA copy) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Playing-Rules-1-wall.pdf)
- [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 4-Wall, Wallball, 60x30 Softball and Hardball (Wexford GAA copy), file dated 29 May 2025 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Playing-Rules-4-Wall-Wallball-60x30-Softball-Hardball-2025.pdf)
- [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 4-Wall, Wallball, 60x30 Softball and Hardball, file dated 25 June 2026 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/governance/playing-rules)
- [George H. Benedict, Spalding's hand book of sporting rules and training (1886)](https://archive.org/details/spaldingshandboo00bene)
- [Google Books, Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1928), p. 31 text view (seen 30 October 2026)](https://books.google.com/books?id=9jNMAQAAMAAJ)
- [Handball (USHA), April 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_apr45f5.pdf?la=en&hash=6DD99EA6A58A489AB428543A7C321FCA825E1E48)
- [Handball (USHA), August 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_aug8bb6.pdf?la=en&hash=ACF4AEC9A698563E5F7FA9C132F81312AB556F67)
- [Handball (USHA), August 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_aug70ff.pdf?la=en&hash=C76D0819F2754D5FD03B01481CC3483E7AA732DD)
- [Handball (USHA), December 1968](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1968/hb-dec6827de.pdf?la=en&hash=5D7B71F42F688C6446B9FEBE9EEB0B5659E6A0EF)
- [Handball (USHA), December 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_dec24fa.pdf?la=en&hash=ACEEF2D04DD71FFF1E5D5CB043508DFA62593534)
- [Handball (USHA), February 1969](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1969/hb-feb69995e.pdf?la=en&hash=FFB78B9BEA586BA0599840A4999DCB9A1455178A)
- [Handball (USHA), February 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_febd6c5.pdf?la=en&hash=7EF67610C721BF2136F4EA75E3651D1254E36FE0)
- [Handball (USHA), June 1968](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1968/hb-june6839ee.pdf?la=en&hash=571BF0909D81C7F013A50FB9C4DB8D593F826C09)
- [Handball (USHA), June 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_june8284.pdf?la=en&hash=1261267EC6955F8D6C15CAC5B2AE23C6313E0238)
- [Handball (USHA), June 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_june1bc3.pdf?la=en&hash=9D26F4A7CBAD5CB11FD9F1F28B8407F5F171D84B)
- [Handball (USHA), October 1969](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1969/hboct69b763.pdf?la=en&hash=C9E59DFA232757FD958ABA256871A1C63B872236)
- [Handball (USHA), October 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_oct203d.pdf?la=en&hash=3FF63D693EAE6402DDAF1DC9A53C3B6DAB3AAB8E)
- [Handball (USHA), October 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_octd0e8.pdf?la=en&hash=048F5702032D7A2B7CD8050A3AC52C8791722B54)
- [HathiTrust Digital Library, catalog record 102896696 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102896696)
- [Independent Press-Telegram, 4 June 1967](https://archive.org/details/independent-press-telegram-1967-06-04)
- [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- [Internet Archive, full-text search for "hand ball" AND "rules" AND "1886" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://archive.org/)
- [James I. Brokaw, How to Play American Hand Ball (1915)](https://www.loc.gov/item/16024697/)
- [jeudepaume.fr, World Wall Ball Association page (seen 28 October 2026)](https://jeudepaume.fr/wwba-1.php)
- [Kansas City Journal (Kansas City), 15 November 1897, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86063615/1897-11-15/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [Lewiston Evening Teller (Lewiston), 11 January 1904, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86091109/1904-01-11/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [Library of Congress catalog record sf92092866, Official U.S. Handball Association Membership Directory and Guide](https://lccn.loc.gov/sf92092866)
- [Maurice W. Deshong, The Game of Hand Ball and How to Play It (1893)](https://www.loc.gov/item/ca05001384/)
- [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- [National Library of Ireland catalogue, "Irish handball 1924-1974" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000105275/Details)
- [National Library of Ireland catalogue, "Irish handball yearbook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000168471/Details)
- [National Library of Ireland catalogue, "Top ace" (Irish handball yearbook) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000298401/Details)
- [New York open data, active corporations search for "wallball" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://data.ny.gov/)
- [New York Public Library, Catalog of Copyright Entries registrations 1931-1964, handball hits](https://github.com/NYPL/catalog_of_copyright_entries_project)
- [New-York Daily Tribune (New York), 10 April 1860, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1860-04-10/ed-1/?sp=1)
- [New-York Tribune (New York), 13 July 1904, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1904-07-13/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [New-York Tribune (New York), 16 January 1900, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1900-01-16/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [New-York Tribune (New York), 27 December 1896, p. 21](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1896-12-27/ed-1/?sp=21)
- [New-York Tribune (New York), 29 December 1901, p. 17](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1901-12-29/ed-1/?sp=17)
- [New-York Tribune (New York), 7 April 1915, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1915-04-07/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [New-York Tribune (New York), 8 April 1920, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1920-04-08/ed-1/?sp=12)
- [Newark Evening Star and Newark Advertiser (Newark), 10 December 1915, p. 26](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn91064011/1915-12-10/ed-1/?sp=26)
- [Newark Evening Star and Newark Advertiser (Newark), 6 May 1913, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn91064011/1913-05-06/ed-1/?sp=12)
- [North Otago Times, 17 November 1880 (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NOT18801117.2.6)
- [Norwich Bulletin (Norwich), 17 February 1916, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014086/1916-02-17/ed-1/?sp=8)
- [Open Library, editions of work OL10794547W (seen 30 October 2026)](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL10794547W)
- [Otago Daily Times, 6 January 1882, "The Invercargill Fire" (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT18820106.2.30)
- [ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, organization record, EIN 366098726 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/366098726)
- [ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, organization record, EIN 453569022 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/453569022)
- [ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, search for "handball" (27 October 2026)](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/)
- [Public Ledger (Memphis), 23 December 1867, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85033673/1867-12-23/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- [San Antonio Daily Light (San Antonio), 21 March 1903, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86090439/1903-03-21/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [Spalding's Official Handball Guide (American Sports Publishing Company, 1928)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435000469544)
- [St. Albans Handball Association, "About" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://sahany.org/about)
- [St. Albans Handball Association, "Home" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://sahany.org/)
- [St. Albans Handball Association, "King" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://sahany.org/king)
- [The Birmingham Age-Herald (Birmingham), 16 November 1920, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85038485/1920-11-16/ed-1/?sp=10)
- [The Chicago Citizen (Chicago), 16 May 1914, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90053031/1914-05-16/ed-1/?sp=1)
- [The Evening Times (Washington, D.C.), 9 November 1896, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024441/1896-11-09/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Evening World (New York), 12 July 1890, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1890-07-12/ed-3/?sp=1)
- [The Evening World (New York), 17 October 1922, p. 20](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1922-10-17/ed-1/?sp=20)
- [The Evening World (New York), 22 November 1915, p. 16](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1915-11-22/ed-1/?sp=16)
- [The Evening World (New York), 26 April 1915, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1915-04-26/ed-1/?sp=12)
- [The Evening World (New York), 7 February 1916, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1916-02-07/ed-1/?sp=10)
- [The Hawaiian Star (Honolulu), 23 October 1907, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015415/1907-10-23/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The Hawaiian Star (Honolulu), 4 March 1908, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015415/1908-03-04/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The Houston Daily Post (Houston), 13 March 1898, p. 15](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86071197/1898-03-13/ed-1/?sp=15)
- [The Irish Republic (Chicago), 5 October 1867, p. 13](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn94054745/1867-10-05/ed-1/?sp=13)
- [The Irish Times, "Traidisiún fada na liathróide láimhe" (Gaeilge section, 14 October 2025)](https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/sceal/2025/10/14/traidisiun-fada-na-liathroide-laimhe/)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 1 April 1898, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1898-04-01/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 10 July 1899, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1899-07-10/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 20 October 1896, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1896-10-20/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 23 May 1902, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1902-05-23/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 25 November 1901, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1901-11-25/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 26 March 1900, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1900-03-26/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 28 May 1902, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1902-05-28/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 29 August 1893, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1893-08-29/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 31 October 1893, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1893-10-31/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 5 December 1896, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1896-12-05/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 9 January 1897, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1897-01-09/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Minneapolis Journal (Minneapolis), 26 May 1903, p. 18](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045366/1903-05-26/ed-1/?sp=18)
- [The New Haven Union (New Haven), 8 April 1905, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92051126/1905-04-08/ed-1/?sp=1)
- [The New York Herald (New York), 12 December 1921, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045774/1921-12-12/ed-1/?sp=12)
- [The New York Herald (New York), 14 June 1922, p. 14](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045774/1922-06-14/ed-1/?sp=14)
- [The New York Herald (New York), 2 May 1861, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1861-05-02/ed-1/?sp=12)
- [The New York Herald (New York), 4 September 1874, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1874-09-04/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [The New York Herald (New York), 5 March 1876, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1876-03-05/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The New York Herald (New York), 9 December 1875, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1875-12-09/ed-1/?sp=10)
- [The News Scimitar (Memphis), 13 November 1919, p. 15](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn98069867/1919-11-13/ed-1/?sp=15)
- [The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (Honolulu), 19 October 1907, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85047084/1907-10-19/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [The Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram (Richmond), 15 January 1909, p. 2](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86058226/1909-01-15/ed-1/?sp=2)
- [The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City), 20 March 1904, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045396/1904-03-20/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The San Antonio Light (San Antonio), 28 November 1907, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86090330/1907-11-28/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The San Francisco Call (San Francisco), 24 March 1904, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85066387/1904-03-24/ed-1/?sp=10)
- [The San Francisco Call (San Francisco), 25 February 1912, p. 38](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85066387/1912-02-25/ed-1/?sp=38)
- [The Seattle Star (Seattle), 20 November 1923, p. 13](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87093407/1923-11-20/ed-1/?sp=13)
- [The Society News (Wilmington), 15 December 1883, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88053091/1883-12-15/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Spokane Press (Spokane), 29 August 1905, p. 2](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88085947/1905-08-29/ed-1/?sp=2)
- [The Sun (New York), 10 October 1884, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1884-10-10/ed-1/?sp=1)
- [The Sun (New York), 10 September 1892, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1892-09-10/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [The Sun (New York), 11 June 1883, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1883-06-11/ed-1/?sp=1)
- [The Sun (New York), 12 March 1889, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1889-03-12/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The Sun (New York), 13 December 1916, p. 14](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030431/1916-12-13/ed-1/?sp=14)
- [The Sun (New York), 13 March 1884, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1884-03-13/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 17 March 1889, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1889-03-17/ed-1/?sp=7)
- [The Sun (New York), 18 January 1894, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1894-01-18/ed-1/?sp=8)
- [The Sun (New York), 18 November 1896, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-11-18/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Sun (New York), 20 August 1895, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1895-08-20/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [The Sun (New York), 21 November 1890, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-11-21/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Sun (New York), 23 February 1886, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1886-02-23/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 23 February 1919, p. 19](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030431/1919-02-23/ed-1/?sp=19)
- [The Sun (New York), 23 September 1895, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1895-09-23/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [The Sun (New York), 24 November 1880, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1880-11-24/ed-1/?sp=1)
- [The Sun (New York), 27 January 1896, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-01-27/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [The Sun (New York), 27 November 1885, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1885-11-27/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 27 November 1887, p. 11](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-11-27/ed-1/?sp=11)
- [The Sun (New York), 27 October 1880, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1880-10-27/ed-1/?sp=1)
- [The Sun (New York), 27 October 1890, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-10-27/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Sun (New York), 29 November 1890, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-11-29/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Sun (New York), 3 March 1892, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1892-03-03/ed-1/?sp=4)
- [The Sun (New York), 30 November 1887, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-11-30/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 5 April 1896, p. 30](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-04-05/ed-1/?sp=30)
- [The Sun (New York), 5 August 1887, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-08-05/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 5 January 1891, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1891-01-05/ed-1/?sp=6)
- [The Sun (New York), 6 June 1906, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1906-06-06/ed-1/?sp=8)
- [The Sun (New York), 9 April 1885, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1885-04-09/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [The Sun (New York), 9 August 1916, p. 11](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030431/1916-08-09/ed-1/?sp=11)
- [The Washington Times (Washington, D.C.), 24 September 1920, p. 18](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1920-09-24/ed-1/?sp=18)
- [The Washington Times (Washington, D.C.), 31 July 1908, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1908-07-31/ed-1/?sp=10)
- [The Worcester Spy (Worcester), 24 June 1903, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86086481/1903-06-24/ed-1/?sp=3)
- [United States Wall Ball Association, "Meet the Champions | 2026 World Wallball Championships" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/champions-2026.html)
- [United States Wall Ball Association, "Our story" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/about)
- [United States Wall Ball Association, "Rules & Conduct" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/rules)
- [United States Wall Ball Association, "USWA OFFICIAL RULES" (Wayback snapshot of 8 August 2020)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233102/https://uswallball.org/uswa-official-rules/)
- [United States Wall Ball Association, "Wall Ball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 11 April 2021)](https://web.archive.org/web/20210411163601/https://uswallball.org/wall-ball-rules)
- [US Handball Association, "Current Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 31 January 1997)](https://web.archive.org/web/19970131180607/http://www.ushandball.org:80/handball/RULES.html)
- [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 13 October 2007)](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/)
- [US Handball Association, "History of Collegiate Nationals" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/history-of-collegiate-nationals/)
- [US Handball Association, "History of Handball" (Wayback snapshot of 9 December 2016)](https://web.archive.org/web/20161209005848/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/about/history-of-handball)
- [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/learn-handball/one-wall-rulebook/)
- [US Handball Association, "USHA One Wall Handball Rules Master Page" (Wayback snapshot of 31 January 1997)](https://web.archive.org/web/19970131170533/http://www.ushandball.org:80/handball/handball.html)
- [US Handball Association, Hall of Fame page (Wayback snapshot of 3 August 2004)](https://web.archive.org/web/20040803121533/http://ushandball.org:80/Halloffame/index.html)
- [US Handball Association, official rules page (Wayback snapshot of 4 January 2006)](https://web.archive.org/web/20060104055021/http://www.ushandball.org:80/officialrules.html)
- [US Handball Association, past-presidents page, a letter dated 18 February 1998 (Wayback snapshot of 13 May 1998)](https://web.archive.org/web/19980513085014/http://ushandball.org:80/html/pastpres.html)
- [Waterbury Democrat (Waterbury), 8 May 1902, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053725/1902-05-08/ed-1/?sp=7)
- [Waterbury Evening Democrat (Waterbury), 12 July 1904, p. 11](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053726/1904-07-12/ed-1/?sp=11)
- [Waterbury Evening Democrat (Waterbury), 13 January 1905, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053726/1905-01-13/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [Waterbury Evening Democrat (Waterbury), 18 March 1905, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053726/1905-03-18/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [Waterbury Evening Democrat (Waterbury), 2 April 1906, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053726/1906-04-02/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [Waterbury Evening Democrat (Waterbury), 30 January 1904, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053726/1904-01-30/ed-1/?sp=9)
- [Wexford GAA Handball, "4-Wall Softball Hardball Playing Rules" (4 February 2024) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/4-Wall-Softball-Hardball-Playing-Rules-4-2-24.pdf)
- [Wexford GAA Handball, "Playing rules: 60x30 softball, 40x20, 4-wall" (updated March 2020) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Playing-rules-60x30-softball-40x20-4-wall-updated-March-2020.pdf)
- [Wexford GAA Handball, "Playing Rules" PDF (uploaded August 2016) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Playing-Rules.pdf)
- [Worcester Morning Daily Spy (Worcester), 5 July 1897, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93058748/1897-07-05/ed-1/?sp=5)
- [WorldCat, search for AAU official rules handball (seen 28 October 2026)](https://search.worldcat.org/)

## Corrections

Found a mistake, or a source we missed? Email perfectshipllc@gmail.com with the subject "History correction: What this record cannot tell you (/history/record/what-this-record-cannot-tell-you/)". Please name the page and, if you can, the source.