# Timeline

In: [Learn](https://handball.theperfectship.com/learn.md) > [History](https://handball.theperfectship.com/history.md) > Timeline

The 275 dated moments shown as Highlights and More on the timeline page, oldest first. The page can also load the other 167 (Everything).

## The 1860s

- **by 10 April 1860**: A New-York Daily Tribune advertisement for the New York Clipper lists 'Hand Ball in Philadelphia' (10 April 1860); the Clipper's report itself is not seen [Four-wall]. Source: [New-York Daily Tribune (New York), 10 April 1860, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1860-04-10/ed-1/?sp=1)

## The 1870s

- **19 June 1872**: Hand ball championship match for $1,000, Phil Casey and James Everett of Brooklyn v James O'Brien and William Foley of Chicago, first five games at Chicago on 19 June 1872 [Four-wall]. Source: [Chicago Tribune (Chicago), 14 June 1872, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014064/1872-06-14/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **1873**: The first printed code found: Ed. James's Manual of Sporting Rules (New York, 1873), pp. 76-77, 'Hand Ball Rules', 23 rules: 21 aces, a ball about two inches, an ace line 'supposed to be in the centre of the court', the foot allowed on a (highlight) [Four-wall]. Source: [Ed James, Manual of sporting rules (1873)](https://archive.org/details/manualofsporting00jame)
- **1873**: A sporting publisher prints the code: Ed. James, Manual of Sporting Rules (New York, 1873), 'Hand Ball Rules', 23 rules (Hand Ball Rules (1873), H-111); reprinted by Chadwick 1884 and in Spalding's Hand Book of Sporting Rules 1886 (Hand [Four-wall]. Source: [Ed James, Manual of sporting rules (1873)](https://archive.org/details/manualofsporting00jame)
- **3 September 1874**: McQuade's Racket and Hand Ball Court, 404 Madison Street, New York, where a rackets match was played; the Herald called it, as a racket court, 'the only place of the kind now in the city, and in fact the only one of any importance in the country' [Four-wall]. Source: [The New York Herald (New York), 4 September 1874, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1874-09-04/ed-1/?sp=5)
- **8 December 1875**: Phil Casey tells the Herald how handball is played (21 aces, ace line about 30 ft from the front wall, three failed serves count out, ball 2 1/4 in) and lists the courts of Brooklyn, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Troy [Four-wall]. Source: [The New York Herald (New York), 9 December 1875, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1875-12-09/ed-1/?sp=10)
- **22 February 1876**: New York handball and racket players elect a provisional committee (Metropolitan Committee) at McQuade's court to hold an international tournament and form a permanent national organization to supervise the game [Four-wall]. Source: [The New York Herald (New York), 5 March 1876, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1876-03-05/ed-1/?sp=6)

## The 1880s

- **October 1880 to November 1880**: First Auckland handball court (Gleeson's hotel, Oct 1880) and an Oamaru court 60 x 27 ft (Shamrock Hotel, Nov 1880) [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [North Otago Times, 17 November 1880 (Papers Past)](https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NOT18801117.2.6)
- **1884**: GAA founded; handball included (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)). (highlight) [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **by 1884**: GAA Handball's own history: handball 'played for over a thousand years', the 1527 Statute of Galway against ball games at town walls, a Ballinrobe court of 1776, alleys cataloged from the 1700s (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1884**: The Gaelic Athletic Association is founded and handball is 'officially included as one of the sports to be promoted' (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)): the end of the unorganised game. [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1884-1903**: The 28 GAA rules are adopted some time in this window (H-13): Gaelic Rules (1903), first printed in America in Deshong/Egan 1903 as 'Gaelic Rules'; the same setting in 1914 and 1915, reset for Spalding 1923 ('short wall', H-55). [60x30]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **by 1884**: GAA Handball's own history page gives the game's antiquity in Ireland (a 1527 Galway statute against ball games at the town walls; a Ballinrobe court of 1776). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1884**: The Gaelic Athletic Association is founded with handball among the sports it promotes (secondary: GAA Handball's history page). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1884**: Ireland: the GAA founds itself with handball among its sports; its 28 rules (Gaelic Rules (1903)) are 'the rules of the Gaelic Athletic Association of Ireland'. [60x30]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **1886**: Spalding's Hand Book of Sporting Rules and Training (compiled by G. H. Benedict, 1886) prints 'Hand Ball', 23 rules: the James 1873 code with a new rule 4 1/2 on scoring by 'service' or 'return' (Hand Ball (1886)). [Four-wall]. Source: [George H. Benedict, Spalding's hand book of sporting rules and training (1886)](https://archive.org/details/spaldingshandboo00bene)
- **4 August 1887**: First ten games of the Casey v Lawlor international match, Grattan Street racquet court, Cork: Lawlor won six, Casey four (eight played on 4 Aug, interrupted by a gallery panic) (highlight) [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 5 August 1887, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-08-05/ed-1/?sp=3)
- **23 November 1887**: The Brooklyn Handball Club (president Phil Casey) has a new court in Degraw Street, Brooklyn: 65 ft long, 24 ft wide, front wall 35 ft high faced with white marble, back wall 12 ft, white-pine floor [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 30 November 1887, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-11-30/ed-1/?sp=3)
- **27 November 1887**: The Sun describes a 'regulation' handball court (c.40 ft high, 50-60 ft long, c.30 ft wide; a line across the court 25 ft from the front wall with 3-ft semicircles) and says handball 'has its own code of rules' [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 27 November 1887, p. 11](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-11-27/ed-1/?sp=11)
- **29 November 1887**: Casey beat Lawlor in the first seven of the eleven New York games, winning the international match and the 'championship of the world', at the Brooklyn Handball Club court, Degraw Street [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 30 November 1887, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1887-11-30/ed-1/?sp=3)
- **1889**: The set rules of the game (1889) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 17 March 1889, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1889-03-17/ed-1/?sp=7)
- **about March 1889**: The Brooklyn Handball Club holds a three-class tournament at its Degraw Street court, March-April 1889, with gold medals presented by the club [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 12 March 1889, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1889-03-12/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **17 March 1889**: The Sun prints 'the set rules of the game' of handball: 21 aces, ball about 2 in and 1 1/3 oz, ace line in the centre of the court, hand-out/ace scoring, hinders, a referee chosen by the players (highlight) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 17 March 1889, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1889-03-17/ed-1/?sp=7)

## The 1890s

- **12 July 1890 to 19 August 1890**: Casey, McQuade, Dunne and others sail 12 July 1890 for an Irish exhibition tour; return Aug-Sept (Sources disagree) [Four-wall, 60x30]. A New York newspaper of July 12, 1890 reports that the party of handball players had sailed; the end of the tour is not stated in the cited reports, so the later end of the date range is an inference, and a letter from Cork dated July 28 is the only evidence of the party in Ireland. Source: [The Evening World (New York), 12 July 1890, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1890-07-12/ed-3/?sp=1)
- **27 October 1890**: The Sun proposes ending hard serving: a front-wall line or service only from the ace line [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 27 October 1890, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-10-27/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **by 21 November 1890**: By 21 Nov 1890 Brooklyn courts play under the Sun's new service rule (serve only from the ace line); Casey endorses it [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 21 November 1890, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-11-21/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **by 29 November 1890**: The Sun of 29 Nov 1890 notes that Phil Casey's Brooklyn court opened 'three years ago to-day', 29 Nov 1887, the night the first international match (Casey v. Lawlor of Dublin) was decided in it; the earlier games of the match had been played in Dublin on 6 Aug 1887 [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 29 November 1890, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1890-11-29/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **4 January 1891**: Brooklyn Handball Club resolves unanimously to play all games under the Sun's new rules; Murray Hill and South Brooklyn courts already adopted them [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 5 January 1891, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1891-01-05/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **1 March 1892**: Brooklyn Handball Club reorganised in Casey's parlor: Major John Carmody president, Col. Thomas Meehan vice-president, Frank J. Prendergast secretary, Philip Casey treasurer; committee on the playing ball [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 3 March 1892, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1892-03-03/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **8 September 1892**: Sun reports a doubles game at the Brooklyn club with service 'done from the short line' [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 10 September 1892, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1892-09-10/ed-1/?sp=5)
- **1893**: Deshong R4-R5: 'A hinder is when a ball strikes your opponent' and stops it reaching the wall; hinders are mostly 'accidents pure and simple'; an intentional hinder is an ace against or a hand out at the referee's opinion; effect of an [Four-wall]. Source: [Maurice W. Deshong, The Game of Hand Ball and How to Play It (1893)](https://www.loc.gov/item/ca05001384/)
- **1893**: Deshong: court text 24 1/2 x 35 ft while the plate reads 25 x 33 ft (transcription notes, 1893 edition); the 1903 book: 'about sixty feet long, twenty-four and one-half feet wide and thirty-five feet high in the front, tapering down to [Four-wall]. Source: [Maurice W. Deshong, The Game of Hand Ball and How to Play It (1893)](https://www.loc.gov/item/ca05001384/)
- **29 August 1893**: John Egan's new handball court at 223 Mercer Street, Jersey City, opens with Phil Casey, Lawlor, Delaney, McQuade and others invited [Four-wall]. Source: [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 29 August 1893, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1893-08-29/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **31 October 1893**: Spalding's Dime Athletic Library announces 'Handball and How to Play It' by Maurice W. Deshong (contents listed) (Sources disagree) [Four-wall]. The only dated evidence is an October 31, 1893 newspaper notice that the next Spalding Dime Athletic Library issue would be Deshong's handball book; it shows the book was announced by that date, but not when it was published. Source: [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 31 October 1893, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1893-10-31/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **by 18 January 1894**: Phil Casey writes that there has been no rule in his court for five years except 'The Sun's rules', which govern all six courts near him; leading courts everywhere follow the Brooklyn Handball Club's rules [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 18 January 1894, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1894-01-18/ed-1/?sp=8)
- **by 20 August 1895**: The Sun of 20 Aug 1895 prints a proposal, apparently from a Cork paper (OCR damaged), for a conference of handball lovers 'throughout the world' to promote the game and draw up a code of rules; Alderman Dunne of Brooklyn would attend [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 20 August 1895, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1895-08-20/ed-1/?sp=5)
- **1896 or 1897**: A.A.U. handball rules for the first national championship, January 1897 (title not known) (1896) [Four-wall]. Source: [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- **by 27 January 1896**: Sun: Irish champion James Fitzgerald of Tralee is a convert to the system of play laid down in THE SUN's rules [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 27 January 1896, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-01-27/ed-1/?sp=9)
- **by 5 April 1896**: Sun reports a handball convention planned at Cork for July 1896 to arrange uniform rules, at which 'THE SUN code used by the experts in America' would probably be adopted as the standard [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 5 April 1896, p. 30](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-04-05/ed-1/?sp=30)
- **by 9 November 1896**: The A.A.U. takes jurisdiction over amateur handball (reported 9 Nov 1896) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Evening Times (Washington, D.C.), 9 November 1896, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024441/1896-11-09/ed-1/?sp=3)
- **17 November 1896**: A.A.U. Board creates an amateur handball championship on the Jersey City club's application and adopts The Sun's rules of competition (highlight) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 18 November 1896, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1896-11-18/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **4 December 1896**: Jersey City Handball Club credited with bringing handball into the A.A.U.; committee fixes 7 January [Four-wall]. Source: [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 5 December 1896, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1896-12-05/ed-1/?sp=3)
- **by 27 December 1896**: Brooklyn Handball Club's ball and committee rules called the standard 'wherever the game is played' [Four-wall]. Source: [New-York Tribune (New York), 27 December 1896, p. 21](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1896-12-27/ed-1/?sp=21)
- **1897**: A.A.U. national amateur handball championship (singles), 1897 [Four-wall]. Source: [New York Journal (New York), 8 January 1897, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024350/1897-01-08/ed-1/?sp=9)
- **7 January 1897 to 8 January 1897**: First A.A.U. national amateur handball championship, Jersey City; Michael J. Egan wins (Sources disagree) [Four-wall]. Newspaper reports of the first A.A.U. championship give either 7 January 1897 (the preliminary round) or 7 and 8 January (preliminary round and final). Source: [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 9 January 1897, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1897-01-09/ed-1/?sp=3)
- **4 July 1897**: William Carney (Chicago, of Swineford, Mayo) beats James Fitzgerald (Tralee) for the 'world's championship' at Phil Casey's court, Brooklyn [Four-wall]. Source: [Worcester Morning Daily Spy (Worcester), 5 July 1897, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93058748/1897-07-05/ed-1/?sp=5)
- **by 4 July 1897**: Irish and American courts differ: open space at the back of the Irish court, solid back wall under American rules [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [Worcester Morning Daily Spy (Worcester), 5 July 1897, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93058748/1897-07-05/ed-1/?sp=5)
- **1898-1913**: The Y.M.C.A.'s single-wall court rules (approved 1898, revised June 1900, revised 1913: Hand Ball Rules (1900), Hand Ball Rules: Single Wall Court (1913); H-136, H-139, H-140) are the earliest one-wall rules text in this record, printed in [One-wall]. Source: [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of Canada, Official Handbook (1904)](https://archive.org/details/cihm_85174)
- **1898-1899**: The Athletic League of the Y.M.C.A.s of North America prints a thirteen-rule hand-ball code 'Approved by the Physical Directors' Conference, 1898' in its handbook of 1899 (OCR read; H-139): the parent of the 1900 text. [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America, Official Handbook (1899)](https://archive.org/details/officialhandbook01athl)
- **1898-1915**: A third author: the Y.M.C.A.'s Physical Directors' Conference approves a hand-ball code (1898), revises it for the single-wall court (1900) and its Society adopts four-wall rules (1915) (Hand Ball Rules (1900), Hand Ball Rules: Four Wall [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of Canada, Official Handbook (1904)](https://archive.org/details/cihm_85174)
- **13 March 1898**: Houston Daily Post prints a 23-rule handball code (ace-line service, foot allowed, referee chosen by the players) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Houston Daily Post (Houston), 13 March 1898, p. 15](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86071197/1898-03-13/ed-1/?sp=15)

## The 1900s

- **14 January 1900**: James Fitzgerald (Irish champion) and Louis Keegan beat William Carney ('champion of the world') and Captain Ward, 3 games of 5, at Chicago [Four-wall]. Source: [New-York Tribune (New York), 16 January 1900, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1900-01-16/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **June 1900**: A committee of the Physical Directors' Conference at Thousand Island Park revises the code as rules for a single-wall court (Hand Ball Rules (1900)), adopted by the League's Governing Committee (H-141) and printed in the handbooks of 1904 [One-wall]. Source: [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of Canada, Official Handbook (1904)](https://archive.org/details/cihm_85174)
- **June 1900**: Before the era: the Y.M.C.A.'s rules for a single-wall court, approved by its Physical Directors' Conference in 1898 and revised at Thousand Island Park in June 1900, printed in the Athletic League handbooks from 1904 and revised again for [One-wall]. Source: [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of Canada, Official Handbook (1904)](https://archive.org/details/cihm_85174)
- **22 May 1902**: Oliver Drew (Ireland) beat Mike Egan 4 games to 3 at Jersey City, first of a planned best-of-15 series 'for the championship of the world', $250 a side [Four-wall]. Source: [Waterbury Democrat (Waterbury), 8 May 1902, p. 7](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053725/1902-05-08/ed-1/?sp=7)
- **22 May 1902**: May 1902 Egan–Drew conditions: 21 aces, service from anywhere inside a short line (not a centre space), 'alley cracker' ball, each player may use his own ball [Four-wall]. Source: [The Jersey City News (Jersey City), 23 May 1902, p. 3](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87068097/1902-05-23/ed-1/?sp=3)
- **1903**: Ireland, Gaelic Rules (1903) R21 and R24: a struck ball that afterwards strikes the opponent is a hinder, played over; and 'Should a player obstruct another in such a manner that he cannot play, the judge may give a hinder' (wilful: ace or [60x30]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **by 1903**: A.A.U. 1903 R6: the hinder narrowed to a ball striking the server before reaching the opponent, or the opponent during service; a served ball hitting the receiver becomes a hinder instead of an ace (reversed from 1893); each player 'must [Four-wall]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **1903**: The 28 Irish rules, as printed in 1903, hold the earliest long-serve rule in this record (Gaelic Rules (1903)): the toss must land between a short line and an over line. [One-wall, 60x30]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **1903**: A.A.U. R3: 'full regulation Spalding ball', 1 7/8 in, 1 5/8 oz (Revised Handball Rules of the Amateur Athletic Union of America, For the Government of the National Championship in Singles (1903)); the advertisement after the rules lists [Four-wall]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **1903**: The Irish rules printed in 1903 hold the earliest long-serve rule in this record: the toss must land between a short line and an over line, and three failures are hand out (Gaelic Rules (1903) Rules 18 and 26; H-13). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **by 1903**: The A.A.U.'s 'Revised Handball Rules' (14 rules, singles only; Revised Handball Rules of the Amateur Athletic Union of America, For the Government of the National Championship in Singles (1903)) and Deshong's rewritten 'Rules and [Four-wall]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **1903**: Rules and Explanations (1903) [Four-wall]. Source: [Michael Egan, Handball and How to Play It (1903)](https://www.loc.gov/item/04000015/)
- **12 April 1903**: Mike Egan beat Louis Keegan of Chicago 8 games to 1 (seven straight in the first half, said by the 12 Apr wire to have been played recently at Jersey City, then 1-1 at Chicago on 12 Apr), $200 a side, billed the handball championship of the United States; a San Antonio paper of 21 Mar only announced that the series would begin that night [Four-wall]. Source: [San Antonio Daily Light (San Antonio), 21 March 1903, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86090439/1903-03-21/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **23 June 1903**: Egan beat Timothy Twohill of Kanturk 7-0 at Jersey City (23 Jun) in the first half of a best-of-15 'international' match for the world championship, $1,500; second half in Ireland 12 July; Phil Casey referee, Dr. A. M. Gillen scorer [Four-wall]. Source: [The Minneapolis Journal (Minneapolis), 26 May 1903, p. 18](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045366/1903-05-26/ed-1/?sp=18)
- **9 January 1904 to 11 January 1904**: Syndicated press notices say Mike Egan, 'the world's champion', has written / just published a handball book, called 'The Official Handball Guide' [Four-wall]. Source: [Lewiston Evening Teller (Lewiston), 11 January 1904, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86091109/1904-01-11/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **19 March 1904**: Salt Lake Tribune (SF dispatch): Michael J. Egan, born County Galway 1878, came to America at 17, joined his brother John (owner of a Jersey City handball court), won the 1897 amateur championship of the United States [Four-wall]. Source: [The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City), 20 March 1904, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045396/1904-03-20/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **27 March 1904 to 3 April 1904**: Mike Egan beat James Fitzgerald at the Olympic Club, San Francisco, 6 games to 1 on 27 Mar and 2 of 3 on 3 Apr (8 of 15 needed), billed the handball championship of the world; gate nearly $800 [Four-wall]. Source: [The San Francisco Call (San Francisco), 24 March 1904, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85066387/1904-03-24/ed-1/?sp=10)
- **12 July 1904**: Phil Casey, for 25 years handball champion of the world, died at his Brooklyn home on 12 July 1904, aged 56 [Four-wall]. Source: [New-York Tribune (New York), 13 July 1904, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1904-07-13/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **12 January 1905 to 27 January 1905**: Oliver Drew beat Francisco Y. Ordoizoiti (France and Spain) at Tarrant's court, Jersey City, for the 'international handball championship' (begun 12 Jan, won 27 Jan); straight handball against the French game of 'reves' [Four-wall]. Source: [Waterbury Evening Democrat (Waterbury), 13 January 1905, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93053726/1905-01-13/ed-1/?sp=9)
- **9 November 1906**: Chicago's Charles Schuttler and Thomas Lee beat Oliver Drew ('the national champion') and John Egan, and Daniel Shea, in the opening tournament of the new Cincinnati gymnasium courts, called 'the greatest handball tournament ever held in this country' [Four-wall]. Source: [The Minneapolis Journal (Minneapolis), 10 November 1906, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045366/1906-11-10/ed-1/?sp=8)
- **1907**: New handball rules (Y.M.C.A., Honolulu) (1907) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (Honolulu), 19 October 1907, p. 5](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85047084/1907-10-19/ed-1/?sp=5)
- **23 October 1907**: The Hawaiian Star prints seven 'new rules for hand ball' adopted on the Honolulu Y.M.C.A. courts: hand-out, ace/service line, hindrance, eleven-point games [Four-wall]. Source: [The Hawaiian Star (Honolulu), 23 October 1907, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015415/1907-10-23/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **1908**: The A.A.U. constitution claims jurisdiction over handball, Article IX (H-33 supported). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, Official Athletic Rules (1908 handbook)](https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/officialathletic01amat/officialathletic01amat.pdf)
- **July 1908**: Martin J. Carney (County Mayo, late of Philadelphia, now of Chicago) beat Oliver Drew, 'the handball champion of the world', at Chambers' court, Chicago, and claimed the title [Four-wall]. Source: [The Washington Times (Washington, D.C.), 31 July 1908, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1908-07-31/ed-1/?sp=10)
- **by 1909**: The Y.M.C.A. has hand-ball rules of its own; the 1909 Spalding index entry for them (Y.M.C.A. Hand Ball Rules (index entry) (1909), H-07) is very probably the single-wall text of 1900 (Hand Ball Rules (1900)), not a four-wall code; by 1908 [One-wall]. Source: [[James E.] Sullivan, Official Sporting Rules (1909)](https://www.loc.gov/item/unk82075824/)
- **11 July 1909**: John J. Bowles (Limerick) and James Kelly (Brooklyn) play for the 'International Handball Championship of the World': best of 15 games of 21 aces, seven at Limerick (5-11 July) and the rest at Brooklyn in September; Bowles outclassed Kelly in the first half at Limerick on 11 July [Four-wall]. Source: [The Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram (Richmond), 15 January 1909, p. 2](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86058226/1909-01-15/ed-1/?sp=2)

## The 1910s

- **16 May 1914**: G.A.A. congress instructs county committees to start a handball championship in each county (reprinted in Chicago) [60x30]. Source: [The Chicago Citizen (Chicago), 16 May 1914, p. 1](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90053031/1914-05-16/ed-1/?sp=1)
- **1915**: Brokaw's one-wall: board 20 ft wide, 10 ft high; floor 20 x 26 ft; field 55 x 40 ft (Rules of American Hand Ball (1916) R53-R55). [One-wall]. Source: [James I. Brokaw, How to Play American Hand Ball (1915)](https://www.loc.gov/item/16024697/)
- **6 April 1915**: James Dunne, 'amateur champion of the world at handball' by the Tribune's obituary and founder of the Brooklyn Handball Club, dies in Brooklyn aged 73 [Four-wall]. Source: [New-York Tribune (New York), 7 April 1915, p. 9](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1915-04-07/ed-1/?sp=9)
- **by 26 April 1915**: Outdoor single-wall handball tournament match with gloves, Van Kelton Field next to the West Side Y.M.C.A., New York: Staddleberger beat Verstraten (highlight) [One-wall]. Source: [The Evening World (New York), 26 April 1915, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1915-04-26/ed-1/?sp=12)
- **May 1915**: The Y.M.C.A.'s four-wall court, adopted at Asilomar in May 1915, is 40 ft long, 20 ft wide and 18 ft high with a 10-ft rear wall (Hand Ball Rules: Four Wall Court (1915)): the 40 x 20 floor, 75 years before the first USHA text held (H-106). [Four-wall]. Source: [Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America, Official Handbook (1915)](https://archive.org/details/officialhandbook06athl)
- **18 December 1915**: Brokaw's 'How to Play American Hand Ball' is deposited for copyright (Rules of American Hand Ball (1916), H-16 supported): 55 rules, a board 20 ft wide and 10 ft high, floor 20 x 26 ft, service line midway at 13 ft, gloves compulsory, no [One-wall]. Source: [James I. Brokaw, How to Play American Hand Ball (1915)](https://www.loc.gov/item/16024697/)
- **5 February 1916**: Yale's Lambert Prettyman invites Columbia into an intercollegiate handball league 'now being formed' [Four-wall]. Source: [Chicago Eagle (Chicago), 5 February 1916, p. 8](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84025828/1916-02-05/ed-1/?sp=8)
- **7 February 1916**: 4,000 New York elementary schoolboys enter a handball tournament, 'the famous Irish game' [Four-wall]. Source: [The Evening World (New York), 7 February 1916, p. 10](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1916-02-07/ed-1/?sp=10)
- **26 February 1916**: Columbia beats Yale 7-0 in the opening Intercollegiate Handball League match on Columbia's single-wall court; the Tribune headlines 'One-wall court handicaps Yale' [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [New-York Tribune (New York), 27 February 1916, p. 15](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1916-02-27/ed-2/?sp=15)
- **9 August 1916**: The Sun answers a reader: American handball court, 26-ft side lines, 20-ft front lines, 13 ft from service line to board; hinder defined; not Irish four-wall [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 9 August 1916, p. 11](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030431/1916-08-09/ed-1/?sp=11)
- **9 August 1916**: The Sun: 'Don't confuse American handball with Irish (four wall) handball'; courts 60 x 40 with 26-ft side lines and 20-ft front lines, 13 ft from service line to board (1916 newspaper notes). [One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 9 August 1916, p. 11](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030431/1916-08-09/ed-1/?sp=11)
- **9 August 1916**: The Sun's query column: 'Most of the American handball courts are 60 feet by 40 feet, with 26 foot side lines and 20 foot front lines ... 13 feet from service line to board ... [One-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 9 August 1916, p. 11](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030431/1916-08-09/ed-1/?sp=11)
- **13 December 1916**: Handball adopted as a Public Schools Athletic League sport, classed among championships [Four-wall]. Source: [The Sun (New York), 13 December 1916, p. 14](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030431/1916-12-13/ed-1/?sp=14)
- **1919-1950**: AAU national four-wall handball championships, 1919-1950 [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **27 April 1919**: A.A.U. national singles and doubles handball championship at the Los Angeles A.C., 21-27 April 1919; Ranft beat Lacey 21-13, 21-11 (Sources disagree) [Four-wall]. A March 1919 preview announced the championship for the week of April 21 to 27, but the entry is dated April 27 from a newspaper report of April 28 on the singles title, so the day of the final is inferred from that report. Source: [Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 28 April 1919, p. 17](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1919-04-28/ed-1/?sp=17)
- **30 October 1919**: A.A.U. legislation committee submits an entirely new set of handball rules to the Boston annual convention of 16-17 Nov 1919 (highlight) [Four-wall]. Source: [The News Scimitar (Memphis), 13 November 1919, p. 15](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn98069867/1919-11-13/ed-1/?sp=15)

## The 1920s

- **1920-1923**: A.A.U. R2: 'standard rubber handball'; the 1923 guide adds '(Spalding's No. 101 ball is used in the national championship tournaments)' (Hand Ball (1920), Official Handball Rules of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (1923); [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: Amateur Athletic Union, official athletic rules (Library of Congress digitised volume, 1920)
- **1 January 1920**: The 35-rule four-wall text is in force (Hand Ball (1920), A.A.U. handbook): court approximately 24 x 50 ft, ceiling at least 25 ft, 'covered ball' defined, hinders to the referee without appeal, 'points' instead of 'aces'. [Four-wall]. Source: Amateur Athletic Union, official athletic rules (Library of Congress digitised volume, 1920)
- **4 January 1920 to 22 February 1920**: First Metropolitan Association A.A.U. handball championship, Annunciation A.C., New York: 'amateur handball came in for official recognition for the first time on the A.A.U. curriculum'; Cyril Regan beat Dan Shea in the singles final [Four-wall]. Source: [The New York Herald (New York), 5 January 1920, p. 20](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1920-01-05/ed-1/?sp=20)
- **15 May 1921**: Tribune: the Brighton Beach Baths (Coney Island) has constructed twelve 'regulation' handball courts, to be opened free to the public; 'American handball' to be revived on a pretentious scale; July tournament planned [Four-wall]. Source: [New-York Tribune (New York), 15 May 1921, p. 20](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1921-05-15/ed-1/?sp=20)
- **1 January 1922**: The handbook in force 1 Jan 1922 already prints the 1923 text (Official Handball Rules of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (1923)): court 24 x 48 ft, 'covered ball' deleted except the leftover in R24 (H-63, H-64). [Four-wall]. Source: [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- **12 March 1922 to 17 March 1922**: First New York State doubles one-wall handball championship at the Crescent Athletic Club, Brooklyn: 42 teams; won by Robert Powers Jr. and William F. Wigmore [One-wall]. Source: [The New York Herald (New York), 13 March 1922, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045774/1922-03-13/ed-1/?sp=12)
- **19 November 1922 to 21 November 1922**: A.A.U. national convention (19-21 Nov 1922): amendments sought included 'numerous minor changes' to handball rules; 1923 national handball championships awarded to St. Paul (senior) and Pittsburgh (junior) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Birmingham Age-Herald (Birmingham), 13 November 1922, p. 6](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85038485/1922-11-13/ed-1/?sp=6)
- **20 November 1922**: The A.A.U. adopts one-wall rules at its annual meeting (A.A.U. One-Wall Rules (1922), printed in Spalding's Official Handball Guide 1923): court about 20 x 34 ft, wall 16 ft, short line at least 13 ft, two faults, standard rubber ball. (highlight) [One-wall]. Source: [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- **13 December 1922**: Evening World feature: handball played on roofs, basements, clubs, colleges and streets; Kelton's five public courts near Columbus Circle up 300% in a year; 'Nine years ago the sport was little known in New York' [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [The Evening World (New York), 13 December 1922, p. 25](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030193/1922-12-13/ed-1/?sp=25)
- **24 December 1922**: Tribune annual review: with more than fifty new courts in the New York district the 'present set of rules is to be revised and added to by the National A. A. U. committee on handball' [Four-wall]. Source: [New-York Tribune (New York), 24 December 1922, p. 12](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1922-12-24/ed-1/?sp=12)
- **1923**: First GAA-sponsored handball championships (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)); Spalding's 1923 guide prints 'Rules for Irish Handball or the Hard-Ball Game' for American readers. [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1923**: Ripley's suggested four-wall changes match one-wall practice (H-65): the younger code starts to influence the older. [One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- **1923**: Spalding's Official Handball Guide (ed. Ripley) prints the four-wall rules, the one-wall rules, the GAA hardball rules and seven 'Suggested Rule Changes' (Suggested Rule Changes). [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- **1923**: Ripley's 'Suggested Rule Changes' (Suggested Rule Changes) already ask the four-wall game to borrow one-wall practice (H-65); whether any were adopted in 1924-28 is unknown (H-18). [One-wall]. Source: [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- **1923**: A publisher's editor proposes changes to the federation: Ripley's seven 'Suggested Rule Changes' in Spalding's guide (Suggested Rule Changes); outcome unknown (H-18). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [Robert L. Ripley (ed.), Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1923)](https://www.loc.gov/item/23002979/)
- **24 April 1923**: Syndicated column quotes 'the new rules for handball': standard court four walls approximately 24 by 48 feet, ceilings 25 feet at the front wall (the revised A.A.U. text; the 1920/21 text said 24 by 50) [Four-wall]. Source: [The Laramie Republican (Laramie), 24 April 1923, p. 4](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92066979/1923-04-24/ed-1/?sp=4)
- **20 November 1923 to 26 December 1923**: A.A.U. awards its 1924 national handball championships: four-wall senior at Los Angeles, four-wall junior at Pittsburgh, one-wall at New York, hard-ball at Brooklyn (convention at Detroit closed 20 Nov 1923) (highlight) [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30]. Source: [The Seattle Star (Seattle), 20 November 1923, p. 13](https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87093407/1923-11-20/ed-1/?sp=13)
- **1924**: Irish Handball Council established; affiliation with an international handball commission; Irish, English and Scottish players at the Tailteann Games (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026); H-102 on the IAHA name). (highlight) [60x30, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1924**: Irish handball gets a national governing body in 1924: the Irish Amateur Handball Association in one account, the Irish Handball Council in another [60x30]. Source: [US Handball Association, "History of Handball" (Wayback snapshot of 9 December 2016)](https://web.archive.org/web/20161209005848/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/about/history-of-handball)
- **1924**: Tailteann Games 1924 include handball: a visiting American trio wins the invitational events in hardball and softball, and the Irish body affiliates internationally [60x30]. Source: [US Handball Association, "History of Handball" (Wayback snapshot of 9 December 2016)](https://web.archive.org/web/20161209005848/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/about/history-of-handball)
- **1924-1925**: The Irish Handball Council is established (1924; the body's exact name is H-102) and All-Ireland senior championships run from 1925 in both 60x30 codes, hardball and softball (H-104). [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1924**: Ireland: the Irish Handball Council (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026); H-102 on the IAHA name). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1925**: All-Ireland senior championships begin in both 60x30 codes: hardball and softball singles and doubles (All-Ireland Hardball Championships, All-Ireland 60x30 Softball Championships; GAA rolls of honour). (highlight) [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, hardball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1925**: The GAA Handball rolls of honour for the All-Ireland senior hardball and softball championships both open in 1925, two years after the GAA page's date for its first championships (Sources disagree) [60x30]. GAA Handball's rolls of honour begin in 1925, but its history page puts the first GAA-sponsored championships in 1923, so either the rolls omit the first two years or those events were not All-Ireland senior titles. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, hardball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1925-2026**: All-Ireland 60x30 Softball Championships, 1925-2026 [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, softball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1925-2025**: All-Ireland Hardball Championships, 1925-2025 [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, hardball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1926**: Spalding's Official Handball Guide (AAU rules) (1926) [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1927**: Spalding's Official Handball Guide (AAU rules) (1927) [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **20 November 1927**: A.A.U. annual meeting adopts a revised set of one-wall rules on 20 November 1927; the short line moves to 14 ft from the wall (15 ft by the 1931 text) [One-wall]. Source: [Spalding's Official Handball Guide (American Sports Publishing Company, 1928)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435000469544)
- **20 November 1927**: The A.A.U. one-wall rules adopted 20 November 1927 (printed 1928, One-Wall Playing Rules (in Spalding's Official Handball Guide, 1928) (1927)) carry a service line 9 ft behind the short line, present already in a reprint of the 1923-27 [One-wall]. Source: [Google Books, Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1928), p. 31 text view (seen 30 October 2026)](https://books.google.com/books?id=9jNMAQAAMAAJ)
- **1928**: Spalding's 1928 guide prints the A.A.U. four-wall court as 22 x 46 x 22 ft, down from 24 x 48 ft in the 1923 text [Four-wall]. Source: [Spalding's Official Handball Guide (American Sports Publishing Company, 1928)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435000469544)
- **1928**: The A.A.U.'s standard court in the 1928 guide is 22 ft wide, 46 ft long and 22 ft high (Official Handball Playing Rules of the A.A.U. (in Spalding's Official Handball Guide, 1928) (1928) Rule 1), with the short line at midcourt, 23 ft from [Four-wall]. Source: [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- **1928**: Official Handball Playing Rules of the A.A.U. (in Spalding's Official Handball Guide, 1928) (1928) [Four-wall]. Source: [Google Books, Spalding's Official Handball Guide (1928), p. 31 text view (seen 30 October 2026)](https://books.google.com/books?id=9jNMAQAAMAAJ)
- **1929**: Hand ball rules; four wall court (1929) [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1929**: Hand ball rules; single wall court (1929) [One-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **March 1929**: At the March 1929 national championship in New York the players vote that a player must give an opponent a clear unobstructed chance at the ball; standing still after a shot to block the view is ruled out [Four-wall]. Source: [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- **7 June 1929**: The General Board of the Y.M.C.A.s registers two leaflets on one day, 'Hand ball rules; four wall court' and 'Hand ball rules; single wall court' (Hand ball rules; four wall court (1929), Hand ball rules; single wall court (1929)): the [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)

## The 1930s

- **1931**: The A.A.U. prints separate hard-ball rules in 1931 for a four-wall court about 65 ft long and 25 ft wide with a 12 ft back wall, a length and back wall like those of Casey's old Brooklyn court (his was 24 ft wide with a 35 ft front wall) [Four-wall]. Source: [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- **1931**: Charles J. O'Connell's 'How to Play Handball' (Spalding, 1931) prints the A.A.U. four-wall, one-wall and hard-ball rules; the USHA later calls it the first printed book of handball rules and dates it 1930 (Sources disagree) [Four-wall, One-wall]. The book carries a 1931 copyright line, but a 1971 USHA magazine tribute dates it to 1930 and calls it the first printed book of handball rules, which earlier guides and rule books (1893 to 1928) contradict. Source: [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- **1931**: The A.A.U. soft-ball four-wall rules printed in O'Connell 1931 add a ball specification, 2.3 oz with a half-ounce tolerance (A.A.U. Soft Ball Four-Wall Rules (in Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball, 1931) (1931); H-142): the first [Four-wall]. Source: [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- **1931**: Charles J. O'Connell's How to Play Handball (the successor of the Spalding guide, 'including official rules for play') prints three A.A.U. codes: soft-ball four-wall (34 rules, now with an A.A.U. ball specification of 2.3 oz, H-142), [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- **1931**: The A.A.U.'s three codes (soft-ball four-wall, one-wall, hard ball) printed in O'Connell's How to Play Handball (A.A.U. Soft Ball Four-Wall Rules (in Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball, 1931) (1931), A.A.U. One-Wall Rules (in [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Charles J. O'Connell, How to Play Handball (American Sports Publishing Company, 1931)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435007267735)
- **1931**: How to Play Handball ... including official rules for play (1931) [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [HathiTrust Digital Library, catalog record 102896696 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102896696)
- **1932-1949**: A.A.U. handball rules are registered for copyright in 1932, 1933, 1934 (the first registration naming four-wall, one-wall and four-wall hardball), 1935, 1936, 1939 and 1942 (the A.A.U. itself now the claimant), continuing as the serial [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1932**: Rules for volley ball, ice hockey, hand ball, squash-handball, field-handball, code ball (1932) [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1933-1949**: 'Four-wall hardball' named as a code in A.A.U. titles (LC ca33000972; Official rules handball, four-wall, one-wall, four-wall hardball; codeball, volleyball, horseshoe pitching (1949); H-28): the hard ball survives in America as a separate [Four-wall]. Source: [WorldCat, search for AAU official rules handball (seen 28 October 2026)](https://search.worldcat.org/)
- **1933**: Official hand ball rules. Also rules for squash handball, field-handball, code ball, volley ball (1933) [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1934**: Amateur Athletic Union official rules handball, four-wall, one-wall, four-wall hardball, squash handball, field handball, code ball, volley ball (1934) [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1935**: Amateur Athletic Union official rules handball, four-wall, one-wall, four-wall hardball, code ball, volley ball (1935) [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1936**: The semi-professional Irish Handball Union holds national and world championships until 1936, in competition with the amateur body set up in 1924 [60x30]. Source: [US Handball Association, "History of Handball" (Wayback snapshot of 9 December 2016)](https://web.archive.org/web/20161209005848/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/about/history-of-handball)
- **1936**: Amateur Athletic Union official rules handball, four-wall, one-wall, four-wall hardball, squash handball, field handball, code ball, volley ball (1936) [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **1939-1945**: Wartime rubber scarcity stops Irish softball play and the hardball game comes back into its own [60x30]. Source: [US Handball Association, "History of Handball" (Wayback snapshot of 9 December 2016)](https://web.archive.org/web/20161209005848/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/about/history-of-handball)
- **1939**: Amateur Athletic Union official rules handball (1939) [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)

## The 1940s

- **15 February 1940 to 1952**: Y.M.C.A. Hand Ball Rules revised 15 February 1940 with seventeen changes, and the 1952 Y.M.C.A. Handball Rules of a National Y.M.C.A. Handball Committee, which require doubles teams to come from one branch; both known from seller [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 800803333404: seller photographs of Y.M.C.A. handball rules (revised 15 February 1940) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/800803333404)
- **1942**: Official rules handball (1942) [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, Catalog of Copyright Entries 1953-1970, searched for handball (seen 30 October 2026)](https://archive.org/details/copyrightrecords)
- **21 April 1945**: A glass-enclosed handball court at the Town Club of Chicago hosts the A.A.U. nationals from 21 April 1945; the USHA later credits its president Bob Kendler with inventing the glass court [Four-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 236990513620: seller photographs of a Converse handball handbook (1946) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/236990513620)
- **1949-1960**: The A.A.U. serial 'Official Rules, Handball' (1949 printing; 1955, 1957, 1960 volumes) while the USHA runs its own nationals from 1951: two bodies (H-32, H-101). [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1949**: Official rules handball : four-wall, one-wall, four-wall handball (1949) [Four-wall]. Source: [WorldCat, search for AAU official rules handball (seen 28 October 2026)](https://search.worldcat.org/)
- **1949**: Official rules handball : four-wall, one-wall, four-wall handball (1949) [One-wall]. Source: [WorldCat, search for AAU official rules handball (seen 28 October 2026)](https://search.worldcat.org/)

## The 1950s

- **1950-1951**: A group of leading handball players and administrators forms a Players' Fraternity in 1950 under Bob Kendler: the USHA's own texts date its start 1950 or 1951 (Sources disagree) [Four-wall, Three-wall]. Sources date the start of the USHA to 1950 (a 1972 magazine and a 1998 letter counting 48 years) or to 1951 (the USHA website and its numbering of the 1997 nationals as the 47th), so the date is given as 1950 to 1951. Source: [Handball (USHA), June 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_june1bc3.pdf?la=en&hash=9D26F4A7CBAD5CB11FD9F1F28B8407F5F171D84B)
- **1950**: ushandball.org's champions list marks 1950 as the last A.A.U. year: 'All future years are USHA' (H-101). [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1950**: AAU national three-wall handball championships, 1950 [Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1951**: First USHA national championships listed: four-wall at Chicago (Plekan) and three-wall at Detroit (USHA national four-wall handball championships, USHA national three-wall handball championships, firstHeld 1951; US Handball Association, (highlight) [Four-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1951**: Bob Kendler breaks with the A.A.U. in 1951 'to form' the players' fraternity (by a 1972 USHA cover note): the first USHA four-wall (Chicago) and three-wall (Detroit) nationals; Avery Brundage was most instrumental in mediating a lasting agreement [Four-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [Handball (USHA), June 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_june1bc3.pdf?la=en&hash=9D26F4A7CBAD5CB11FD9F1F28B8407F5F171D84B)
- **1951-2026**: USHA national four-wall handball championships, 1951-2026 [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1951-2025**: USHA national three-wall handball championships, 1951-2025 [Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1955-1960**: The A.A.U. still prints 'Official Handball A.A.U. Rules' (copyright registration A189064, 10 Apr 1955, Official Handball A.A.U. Rules (1955)) and volumes for 1957 and 1960 (Official Rules, Handball (A.A.U.) (1957), Official Rules, Handball [Four-wall]. Source: [New York Public Library, Catalog of Copyright Entries registrations 1931-1964, handball hits](https://github.com/NYPL/catalog_of_copyright_entries_project)
- **1955**: Official Handball A.A.U. Rules (1955) [Four-wall]. Source: [New York Public Library, Catalog of Copyright Entries registrations 1931-1964, handball hits](https://github.com/NYPL/catalog_of_copyright_entries_project)
- **1956**: Jimmy Jacobs of the Los Angeles A.C. becomes the first player to hold the 'Triple Crown': the A.A.U., USHA and Y.M.C.A. four-wall national titles in the same year, 1956 [Four-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 286432748460: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1960) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/286432748460)
- **1957**: Three New York Athletic Club players play seven matches in Ireland in 1957 and win four: the first international match in over twenty years, by the A.A.U.'s account [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)
- **1957**: An international match in Ireland in 1957, 'the first in over twenty years', New York A.C. players winning four of seven, per the A.A.U.'s 1962 rule book (H-128; seller photographs). [60x30, 40x20]. Source: [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)
- **1957**: The A.A.U.'s 1962 rule book says the first international match in over twenty years was played in Ireland in 1957, New York Athletic Club players winning four of seven matches (H-128; seller photographs of the book). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)
- **1957-1959**: The A.A.U.'s 1962 rule book (seller photographs, H-128) dates three things this record has nowhere else: an international match in Ireland in 1957, the first all-glass court at the Aurora, Illinois, Y.M.C.A. in 1958, and the official [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)
- **1957**: Official Rules, Handball (A.A.U.) (1957) [Four-wall]. Source: [HathiTrust Digital Library, catalog record 102896696 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102896696)
- **1958**: The Y.M.C.A., A.A.U., Jewish Welfare Board and USHA adopt common 'Unified' four-wall rules in 1958, with Charles J. O'Connell as chairman of the rules committee [Four-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 800810243429: seller photographs of "Handball Official Unified Playing Rules" (A.A.U., J.W.B., Y.M.C.A., 1968) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/800810243429)
- **1958-1959**: The A.A.U.'s 1962 book (H-128; seller photographs) dates the first all-glass court (Aurora Y.M.C.A., 1958) and the official opening of a three-wall 'jai-alai type' court at Forrest Park Playground, Queens (the book's spelling) (29 November [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)
- **1958-1960**: A Unified Handball Rules Committee of four bodies (USHA, Y.M.C.A., A.A.U., Jewish Welfare Board) prepares the unified four-wall rules that the A.A.U.'s 1960 and 1962 books print; the Champion Glove booklet names the committee and its [Four-wall]. Source: [HathiTrust Digital Library, catalog record 102896696 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102896696)
- **1958 or 1959**: Common rules: secondary sources say the A.A.U., USHA and Y.M.C.A. agreed unified rules and held one tournament in 1958 (H-19) or 1959 (H-03); the USHA 'broke away again in 1961' (H-19). [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 206605328625: seller photographs of the unified handball playing rules (Y.M.C.A., 1960) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/206605328625)
- **1958 or 1959**: Common rules between the A.A.U., USHA and Y.M.C.A. (H-03, H-19; secondary, undated by any primary source). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [eBay listing 206605328625: seller photographs of the unified handball playing rules (Y.M.C.A., 1960) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/206605328625)
- **1959**: The USHA champions roll lists its first one-wall national championship in 1959, in New York, with the Obert brothers taking the open titles [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1959**: First USHA one-wall national (New York; Oscar Obert in open singles) in the champions list (USHA national one-wall handball championships, firstHeld 1959). [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **1959**: Seawall Ball, the Atlantic Beach Navy Official... (title truncated) (1959) [One-wall]. Source: [Library of Congress catalog record 64005993 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://lccn.loc.gov/64005993)
- **1959-2025**: USHA national one-wall handball championships, 1959-2025 [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "National Champions" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/about/national-champions/)
- **29 November 1959**: The first three-wall 'jai-alai type' handball court officially opens at Forrest Park Playground, Queens, New York, on 29 November 1959 [Three-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 178429923015: seller photographs of an A.A.U. handball rules booklet (1962) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/178429923015)

## The 1960s

- **1960**: A Unified Handball Rules Committee of the USHA, Y.M.C.A. and A.A.U. (with the Jewish Welfare Board) agrees to serve 'for the year of 1960', with O'Connell as its chairman [Four-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 206605328625: seller photographs of the unified handball playing rules (Y.M.C.A., 1960) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/206605328625)
- **1960-1962**: The A.A.U.'s Official Rules Handball of 1960 and 1962 print 'Unified Four-Wall Rules' adopted by the A.A.U., the Y.M.C.A., the USHA and the Jewish Welfare Board, prepared by a Unified Handball Rules Committee chaired from the New York A.C. [Four-wall]. Source: [HathiTrust Digital Library, catalog record 102896696 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102896696)
- **1960-1968**: Rules by committee: a Unified Handball Rules Committee of the USHA, the Y.M.C.A., the A.A.U. and the J.W.B. (printed in the A.A.U. books of 1960 and 1962), then a 1968 unified booklet issued by three of the four without the USHA (H-125, [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [eBay listing 206605328625: seller photographs of the unified handball playing rules (Y.M.C.A., 1960) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/206605328625)
- **1961**: At the 1961 USHA nationals and convention in Denver the Association is locked in a 'bitter dialogue' with the A.A.U. for handball supremacy and names a lawyer as its national commissioner [Four-wall]. Source: [Handball (USHA), February 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_febd6c5.pdf?la=en&hash=7EF67610C721BF2136F4EA75E3651D1254E36FE0)
- **1963**: 'Official rules', a 1963 item in a UK union catalog under 'Irish Handball Association', publisher the GAA (Official rules (1963); that it is the Council's handball rulebook is H-130): the first Irish rule text after 1903 this record can [60x30]. Source: [Open Library, editions of work OL10794547W (seen 30 October 2026)](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL10794547W)
- **1963-2009**: Ireland's institutional line between the 1903 text and GAA Handball: an 'Official rules' of 1963 under the Irish Handball Association heading (Official rules (1963), H-130), 'Handball Playing Rules' of 1997 (Handball Playing Rules (1997)) [One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [Wexford GAA Handball, "Playing Rules" PDF (uploaded August 2016) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Playing-Rules.pdf)
- **1964**: The first world handball championship is held in 1964 at the New York Athletic Club, with O'Connell as chairman, and, by a 1972 reader's letter, the world championships then recur every three years, the 1970 edition in Ireland [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [Handball (USHA), December 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_dec24fa.pdf?la=en&hash=ACEEF2D04DD71FFF1E5D5CB043508DFA62593534)
- **1967-1968**: A June 1967 newspaper list offers, among booklets available, a separate A.A.U. one-wall booklet from Champion Glove (Official AAU One Wall Handball Rules); the January 1968 'Handball Official Unified Playing Rules' is issued by the A.A.U., [One-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 800810243429: seller photographs of "Handball Official Unified Playing Rules" (A.A.U., J.W.B., Y.M.C.A., 1968) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/800810243429)
- **19 January 1968**: A.A.U., Jewish Welfare Board and Y.M.C.A. issue a 1968 revision of the unified rules without the USHA, which 'decided not to participate in publishing' it; its four-wall court is 20 x 40 x 20 ft [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 800810243429: seller photographs of "Handball Official Unified Playing Rules" (A.A.U., J.W.B., Y.M.C.A., 1968) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/800810243429)
- **19 January 1968**: 'Handball Official Unified Playing Rules' for four-wall, three-wall and one-wall courts, issued by the A.A.U., the J.W.B. and the Y.M.C.A.; its introduction says the USHA took part in the discussions but declined to co-publish (H-129, [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [eBay listing 800810243429: seller photographs of "Handball Official Unified Playing Rules" (A.A.U., J.W.B., Y.M.C.A., 1968) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ebay.com/itm/800810243429)
- **1969**: First American-style 4-wall (40x20) court built in Ireland (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)). (highlight) [60x30, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1969-1971**: The first American-style 40 x 20 ft four-wall court in Ireland is dated 1969 by GAA Handball, but a USHA report of autumn 1971 still calls the first 20 x 40 court a new event (Sources disagree) [40x20]. GAA Handball's history page dates the first 40 x 20 court in Ireland to 1969, but a USHA magazine of October 1971 reports the Dublin 20 x 40 court as newly built, so the date is given as 1969 to 1971. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1969**: First American-style 4-wall (40x20) court built in Ireland (GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)); All-Ireland 4-wall championship from 1975 (All-Ireland 4-Wall Championships). [40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **1969-1975**: The American court comes to Ireland: the first 40x20 court is built in 1969 and an All-Ireland 4-wall senior championship runs from 1975 (secondary: GAA Handball's page; the rolls). [40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)

## The 1970s

- **1970-1972**: The Irish Handball Council opens an indoor alley with three glass walls at Croke Park, Dublin, Ireland's first, and recommends glass walls for all alleys (Sources disagree) [60x30]. An Irish Handball Council note of 1972 says the three-glass-wall alley opened 'a year ago', while 1971 magazine reports place the court in use in the autumn of 1970, so the date is given as 1970 to 1972. Source: [Handball (USHA), October 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_octd0e8.pdf?la=en&hash=048F5702032D7A2B7CD8050A3AC52C8791722B54)
- **October 1970**: The 1970 world handball championships are held in Dublin, where Pat Kirby takes the world title (the issues do not say in which code) [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [Handball (USHA), October 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_oct203d.pdf?la=en&hash=3FF63D693EAE6402DDAF1DC9A53C3B6DAB3AAB8E)
- **1971**: The first series of All-Ireland finals is played in the new ball-court at Croke Park in 1971 before about 1,000, and shown on television [60x30]. Source: [Handball (USHA), October 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_oct203d.pdf?la=en&hash=3FF63D693EAE6402DDAF1DC9A53C3B6DAB3AAB8E)
- **1971**: 'Championship Handball plus Official Handball Rules', a USHA publication cited from 1971 to 1983 (Championship Handball plus Official Handball Rules (1971), citation-only): the first USHA rules publication this record can name. [Four-wall]. Source: [Internet Archive, full-text search for "hand ball" AND "rules" AND "1886" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://archive.org/)
- **13 August 1971**: The president of the Irish Handball Council visits the USHA's Skokie headquarters on 13 August 1971 and talk turns to a common court size [Four-wall, 60x30]. Source: [Handball (USHA), October 1971](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1971/1971_hb_oct203d.pdf?la=en&hash=3FF63D693EAE6402DDAF1DC9A53C3B6DAB3AAB8E)
- **June 1972**: The USHA prints 'Official USHA Four-Wall Handball Rules' in its June 1972 magazine, naming the rules chairman and a Seattle drafter of the first official USHA rules [Four-wall]. Source: [Handball (USHA), June 1972](https://archive.teamusa.com/-/media/usa_racquetball/documents/magazine/archived-issues/handball-magazine/1972/1972_hb_june1bc3.pdf?la=en&hash=9D26F4A7CBAD5CB11FD9F1F28B8407F5F171D84B)
- **1975**: The GAA Handball roll of honour for the All-Ireland senior 4-wall championship opens in 1975, six years after the first 40 x 20 court [40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, 4-wall championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1975**: All-Ireland 4-wall (40x20) senior championship begins (All-Ireland 4-Wall Championships, firstHeld 1975). [40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, 4-wall championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1975-2026**: All-Ireland 4-Wall Championships, 1975-2026 [40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, 4-wall championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1978**: Start by hypothesis (H-04, H-107): the USHA as sole US governing body. (Hypothesis (open)) [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: Open question: no source in hand yet
- **1978**: USHA becomes the sole US governing body (H-04, secondary; H-107): the end of the era is a claim, not a finding. (Hypothesis (open)) [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: Open question: no source in hand yet
- **1978**: USHA alone (H-04, H-107; secondary). (Hypothesis (open)) [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: Open question: no source in hand yet

## The 1990s

- **1990**: London hosts the All-Ireland handball final in 1990, only the second time an All-Ireland final in any GAA code is played outside Ireland [60x30]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, "History" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/about/gaa-handball/history)
- **20 June 1990 to 14 October 1994**: The USHA's 1990 four-wall rules with interpretations and its 1994 one-wall rules (The Official United States Handball Association Handball Rules With Interpretations and One-Wall and Three-Wall Addendum Revised 1991 (1990), The New and [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [Colorado Handball Association, "The Official United States Handball Association Handball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 19 May 1998)](https://web.archive.org/web/19980519203944/http://www.cohandball.com:80/official_united_states_handball_.htm)
- **20 June 1990**: 'The Official United States Handball Association Handball Rules With Interpretations', adopted 20 June 1990 and printed in 1991, in 46 pages by one catalog record (The Official United States Handball Association Handball Rules With [Four-wall]. Source: [Colorado Handball Association, "The Official United States Handball Association Handball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 19 May 1998)](https://web.archive.org/web/19980519203944/http://www.cohandball.com:80/official_united_states_handball_.htm)
- **1991**: USHA publishes a 'Revised 1991' rule book with one-wall and three-wall addendums and republishes its one-wall rules, changing a foot-fault word from EXTEND to TOUCH [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "4-Wall Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 27 August 2001)](https://web.archive.org/web/20010827024217/http://ushandball.org:80/html/4-wall_rules.html)
- **14 October 1994**: 'The New and Official' USHA One-Wall Rules, adopted 14 October 1994 (The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations 1995 (1994)), on the USHA's web site by January 1997: the earliest USHA [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Current Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 31 January 1997)](https://web.archive.org/web/19970131180607/http://www.ushandball.org:80/handball/RULES.html)
- **1995**: The 1995 USHA One-Wall Rules with Interpretations harmonise wording with the four-wall book: EXTEND is restored in the foot-fault rule and the permission to step on a service line is deleted [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Current Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 31 January 1997)](https://web.archive.org/web/19970131180607/http://www.ushandball.org:80/handball/RULES.html)
- **1996-2010**: The big ball gets bodies: SAHA (1996) and King of the Courts (1998); USWA (2010) with its own rules from 2018 (Wall Ball Rules (2021) etc.), which never state court or ball (H-75). [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Wall Ball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 11 April 2021)](https://web.archive.org/web/20210411163601/https://uswallball.org/wall-ball-rules)
- **1996**: St. Albans Handball Association founded (St. Albans Handball Association, St. Albans Handball Association, "About" (seen 27 October 2026)); King of the Courts from 1998 (King of the Courts; champions list St. Albans Handball Association, [One-wall]. Source: [St. Albans Handball Association, "About" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://sahany.org/about)
- **1996-2017**: Queen of the Courts, 1996-2017 [One-wall]. Source: [St. Albans Handball Association, "Queen" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://sahany.org/queen)
- **1997**: GAA wallball open Irish nationals from 1997 (Wallball Open Irish Nationals): the one-wall game arrives in the Irish record. [One-wall]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, wallball nationals roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1997-2025**: Wallball Open Irish Nationals, 1997-2025 [One-wall]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, wallball nationals roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **1998-2025**: King of the Courts, 1998-2025 [One-wall]. Source: [St. Albans Handball Association, "King" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://sahany.org/king)

## The 2000s

- **2000**: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations 2000 (2000) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, web page /onewall/handball/rules.html (Wayback snapshot of 10 November 2000)](https://web.archive.org/web/20001110015300/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html)
- **7 October 2001**: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations (2001) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, web page /onewall/handball/rules.html (Wayback snapshot of 13 October 2001)](https://web.archive.org/web/20011013234747/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html)
- **8 April 2002**: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations (2002) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, web page /onewall/handball/rules.html (Wayback snapshot of 13 June 2002)](https://web.archive.org/web/20020613233254/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html)
- **20 August 2002**: The New and Official United States Handball Association One-Wall Rules With Interpretations (2002) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, web page /onewall/handball/rules.html (Wayback snapshot of 2 October 2002)](https://web.archive.org/web/20021002182557/http://ushandball.org:80/onewall/handball/rules.html)
- **December 2004 to 16 January 2005**: A Three-Wall Addendum, 'changes from four-wall rules' (Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2004)), and the 2005 rules (The Official USHA Handball Rules, 2005 (2005)), the year a secondary page calls the last complete [Four-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 13 October 2007)](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/)
- **December 2004**: Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2004) [Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 13 October 2007)](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/)
- **about 2005**: A secondary page says the USHA's 'last complete rulebook' appeared in 2005 (a secondary source): rules move from print to the web page. [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- **16 January 2005**: The Official USHA Handball Rules, 2005 (2005) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, official rules page (Wayback snapshot of 4 January 2006)](https://web.archive.org/web/20060104055021/http://www.ushandball.org:80/officialrules.html)
- **1 April 2005**: The Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules, 2005 (2005) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, one-wall rules page (Wayback snapshot of 10 February 2006)](https://web.archive.org/web/20060210173110/http://www.ushandball.org/onewallrules.html)
- **June 2006**: Schedule 1: These are the rules changes passed by the USHA Board, June 2006 (2006) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 4 September 2007)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904225427/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/302/)
- **June 2006**: Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules (2005 rules with the June 2006 Board changes incorporated) (2006) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 4 September 2007)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904225427/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/302/)
- **May 2007**: Schedule 2: These are the rules changes passed by the USHA Board, May 2007 (2007) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 13 October 2007)](https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173352/http://ushandball.org:80/content/view/50/225/)
- **June 2008**: The Current Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules (2008) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 28 July 2011)](https://web.archive.org/web/20110728072855/http://www.ushandball.org/content/view/564/302)
- **January 2009**: The Council's 'Official Playing Rules', modified January 2009 (Official Playing Rules (Handball Playing Rules) (2009); the booklet inside Wexford GAA's 2016 PDF; pending permission, research-only): the Irish Handball Council's name is [One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [Wexford GAA Handball, "Playing Rules" PDF (uploaded August 2016) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Playing-Rules.pdf)

## The 2010s

- **2010**: United States Wall Ball Association founded by Jasmine Ray (United States Wallball Association, United States Wall Ball Association, "Our story" (seen 27 October 2026)); IRS ruling 2012. (highlight) [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Our story" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/about)
- **May 2010**: Handball Rules (Abridged for Curriculum) (2010) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, abridged rules (PDF) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/abridgedrules.pdf)
- **2012**: A World Wall Ball Association is formed at the 2012 World Championships in Dublin by GAA Handball, the WHC and the CIJB (secondary). [Four-wall, One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [jeudepaume.fr, World Wall Ball Association page (seen 28 October 2026)](https://jeudepaume.fr/wwba-1.php)
- **2012**: World Wall Ball Association formed at the 2012 World Championships, Dublin, by GAA Handball, the WHC and the CIJB (secondary: jeudepaume.fr, World Wall Ball Association page (seen 28 October 2026)). [One-wall]. Source: [jeudepaume.fr, World Wall Ball Association page (seen 28 October 2026)](https://jeudepaume.fr/wwba-1.php)
- **2012**: The Official USHA Handball Rules, 2012 (2012) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 2 July 2012)](https://web.archive.org/web/20120702152652/http://www.ushandball.org:80/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=451)
- **2014**: The Official USHA Handball Rules, 2014 (2014) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 15 July 2014)](https://web.archive.org/web/20140715190513/http://www.ushandball.org:80/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=451)
- **January 2014**: Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules (2014) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Official USHA One-Wall Handball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 12 January 2015)](https://web.archive.org/web/20150112001416/http://www.ushandball.org:80/content/view/564/430)
- **6 February 2015**: Official USHA Handball Rulebook With Interpretations, One-Wall and Three-Wall Addendums (2015) [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [pnwhandball.org, 2015 handball rulebook (PDF) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://pnwhandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015handballrulebook.pdf)
- **6 February 2015**: One-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2015) [One-wall]. Source: [pnwhandball.org, 2015 handball rulebook (PDF) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://pnwhandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015handballrulebook.pdf)
- **6 February 2015**: Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2015) [Three-wall]. Source: [pnwhandball.org, 2015 handball rulebook (PDF) (seen 30 October 2026)](https://pnwhandball.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015handballrulebook.pdf)
- **2016**: GAA wallball senior championship begins (Wallball Senior Championships, firstHeld 2016). [One-wall]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, wallball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **2016-2025**: Wallball Senior Championships, 2016-2025 [One-wall]. Source: [GAA Handball Ireland, wallball championship roll of honour (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.gaahandball.ie/competitions/rolls-of-honour)
- **22 January 2017**: Four-Wall Rulebook (2017) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 30 March 2017)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170330074330/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook)
- **22 January 2017**: One-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2017) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 30 March 2017)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170330074330/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook)
- **22 January 2017**: Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2017) [Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 30 March 2017)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170330074330/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook)
- **2018-2026**: USWA: 'block' (interference, replayed) and 'screen' (ball passing too close to the hitter's body) do the work of the USHA's two hinders without the word (from a comparison of the USWA and USHA rules). [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Wall Ball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 11 April 2021)](https://web.archive.org/web/20210411163601/https://uswallball.org/wall-ball-rules)
- **2018-2026**: A players' association writes for its own game: USWA rules online 2018, revised 22 Oct 2026 (USWA playing rules (2026)), ending with a note that such details are settled by each event's organizer. [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Rules & Conduct" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/rules)
- **30 August 2018 to 19 October 2018**: USWA 'Wall Ball Rules' (24 rules + code of conduct) and 'USWA Official Rules' (25 rules) online (Wall Ball Rules (2021), USWA OFFICIAL RULES (2022); page markup dates): blocks, screens, 'keep a short', downs; no court or ball stated (H-75). [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Wall Ball Rules" (Wayback snapshot of 11 April 2021)](https://web.archive.org/web/20210411163601/https://uswallball.org/wall-ball-rules)
- **2019-2025**: GAA Wallball: 20 x 34 ft, 16-ft wall (Official Irish 1-Wall (Wallball) Playing Rules - As of January 2019 (2019), Official Irish 4-Wall, Softball, Hardball & Wallball Playing Rules (2025)); GAA International 4-Wall: 40 x 20 x 20 ft [One-wall, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 1-Wall (Wexford GAA copy) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Playing-Rules-1-wall.pdf)
- **2019-2025**: Ireland borrows: GAA Handball's 1-wall rules are 'consistent with' USHA's (H-21 supported), its 40x20 rules are USHA four-wall text (H-24 supported); Congress adopts the combined book on 9 Feb 2025. [One-wall, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 4-Wall, Wallball, 60x30 Softball and Hardball (Wexford GAA copy), file dated 29 May 2025 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Playing-Rules-4-Wall-Wallball-60x30-Softball-Hardball-2025.pdf)
- **January 2019**: The GAA's one-wall (Wallball) playing rules as of January 2019 (Official Irish 1-Wall (Wallball) Playing Rules - As of January 2019 (2019)): 20 x 34 ft court, 16-ft wall, ball 1 7/8 in and 61 g; the book describes itself as consistent with [One-wall]. Source: [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 1-Wall (Wexford GAA copy) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Playing-Rules-1-wall.pdf)
- **January 2019**: GAA Handball's one-wall (Wallball) playing rules describe themselves as consistent with the USHA one-wall rules; 84.7% of its five-word runs (6,251 of 7,380) come from the USHA one-wall text of 2014-01, none of the 229 runs new in the [One-wall, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 1-Wall (Wexford GAA copy) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Playing-Rules-1-wall.pdf)
- **27 January 2019**: Four-Wall Rulebook (2019) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 4 May 2019)](https://web.archive.org/web/20190504115808/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook)
- **27 January 2019**: One-Wall Rulebook (2019) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 4 May 2019)](https://web.archive.org/web/20190504110336/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook)

## The 2020s

- **26 January 2020**: Four-Wall Rulebook (2020) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 13 May 2020)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200513210800/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook)
- **26 January 2020**: One-Wall Rulebook (2020) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 13 May 2020)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200513204010/https://ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook)
- **March 2020**: The GAA's four-wall and 60x30 playing rules as of March 2020 (Official Irish 4-Wall & 60x30 Playing Rules (2020), Official Irish 4-Wall & 60x30 Playing Rules (2020), Official Irish 4-Wall & 60x30 Playing Rules (2020)): the one-wall rules [60x30, 40x20]. Source: [Wexford GAA Handball, "Playing rules: 60x30 softball, 40x20, 4-wall" (updated March 2020) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Playing-rules-60x30-softball-40x20-4-wall-updated-March-2020.pdf)
- **22 January 2021**: Four-Wall Rulebook (2021) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 28 February 2021)](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228100541/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/four-wall-rulebook)
- **22 January 2021**: One-Wall Rulebook (2021) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 28 February 2021)](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228103018/https://www.ushandball.org/index.php/rules-development/one-wall-rulebook)
- **23 January 2022**: Four-Wall Rulebook (2022) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 2 July 2022)](https://web.archive.org/web/20220702230307/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- **23 January 2022**: One-Wall Rulebook (2022) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 20 August 2022)](https://web.archive.org/web/20220820050249/https://www.ushandball.org/one-wall-rulebook/)
- **March 2023**: CIJB 'Wallball Rules' (WALLBALL RULES (2023)): court 6.10 x 10.60 m, wall 4.90 m; two sets of 21, tie set to 11; all lines good. [One-wall]. Source: [CIJB Wallball Rules (English), file dated 23 March 2023 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://cijb.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wallball_eng-1.pdf)
- **26 January 2024**: Four-Wall Rulebook (2024) [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 15 June 2024)](https://web.archive.org/web/20240615040024/https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- **26 January 2024**: One-Wall Rulebook (2024) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (Wayback snapshot of 27 May 2024)](https://web.archive.org/web/20240527190319/https://www.ushandball.org/one-wall-rulebook/)
- **4 February 2024**: The GAA's official four-wall and 60x30 playing rules as of 4 February 2024 (GAA Handball - Official 4-Wall & 60x30 Playing Rules (2024) etc.); Rule 1.1 lists the codes as four-wall, one-wall, and 60x30 in its softball and hardball forms. [40x20]. Source: [Wexford GAA Handball, "4-Wall Softball Hardball Playing Rules" (4 February 2024) (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/4-Wall-Softball-Hardball-Playing-Rules-4-2-24.pdf)
- **2025**: GAA Handball's combined rulebook adds a Wallball section (Official Irish 4-Wall, Softball, Hardball & Wallball Playing Rules (2025): 20 x 34 ft, 16-ft wall, 'Big Blue Wallball' and 'Penn Wallball' balls); SAHA requires eye guards at the [One-wall]. Source: [St. Albans Handball Association, "Home" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://sahany.org/)
- **26 January 2025**: USHA 4.7 'dead-ball hinders' (replayed: court hinders, hitting an opponent when the shot would have reached the wall, body contact, screen ball, back-swing, safety holdup) and 4.8 'avoidable hinders' (point or side out: failure to move, [Four-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- **26 January 2025**: USHA One-Wall Rulebook: 20 x 34 ft, wall 20 x 16 ft, short line 16 ft, long line 34 ft; gloves compulsory except 'Big ball ... gloves are optional'; 'big balls can weigh less' (One-Wall Rulebook (2025)); GAA's combined book adds a Wallball [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/learn-handball/one-wall-rulebook/)
- **26 January 2025**: USHA 2.2: approved balls 1 7/8 in, 61 g (red), rebound specification; 'USHA White label and/or big balls can weigh less'; the referee approves the ball for each match (Four-Wall Rulebook (2025), One-Wall Rulebook (2025)). [Four-wall, One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- **26 January 2025**: USHA Four-Wall Rulebook and One-Wall Rulebook 'as of January 26, 2025' (Four-Wall Rulebook (2025), One-Wall Rulebook (2025), Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2025)): court 20 x 40 x 20 ft; one-wall 20 x 34 ft with a [Four-wall, One-wall, Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- **26 January 2025**: One-Wall Rulebook (2025) [One-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "One-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/learn-handball/one-wall-rulebook/)
- **26 January 2025**: Three-Wall Addendum - Changes from Four-Wall Rules (2025) [Three-wall]. Source: [US Handball Association, "Four-Wall Rulebook" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://www.ushandball.org/four-wall-rulebook/)
- **9 February 2025**: Congress adopts the combined playing rules covering four-wall, Wallball, and 60x30 softball and hardball (Official Irish 4-Wall, Softball, Hardball & Wallball Playing Rules (2025), Official Irish 4-Wall, Softball, Hardball & Wallball (highlight) [One-wall, 60x30, 40x20]. Source: [GAA Handball Playing Rules: 4-Wall, Wallball, 60x30 Softball and Hardball (Wexford GAA copy), file dated 29 May 2025 (seen 28 October 2026)](https://wexfordgaahandball.ie/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Playing-Rules-4-Wall-Wallball-60x30-Softball-Hardball-2025.pdf)
- **2026**: World Wallball Championships (World Wallball Championships); USWA rules revised 22 Oct 2026. [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Meet the Champions | 2026 World Wallball Championships" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/champions-2026.html)
- **2026**: USWA playing rules 'Revised October 22, 2026' (USWA playing rules (2026): 21 rules, three timeouts) and a World Wallball Championships (World Wallball Championships, 2026; hosted by ICHA with the WHC). [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Rules & Conduct" (seen 27 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/rules)
- **2026**: World Wallball Championships, 2026 [One-wall]. Source: [United States Wall Ball Association, "Meet the Champions | 2026 World Wallball Championships" (seen 28 October 2026)](https://uswallball.org/champions-2026.html)

## Corrections

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