# Rule 4.9 Technicals: how the wording changed (American four-wall)

8 rulebooks state this rule, from 22 January 2021 to 26 January 2025. The wording was reworded or changed 1 time.

## How to read this

- Added words are marked [+ like this +]; removed words [- like this -].
- Each rulebook says what kind of change it is: unchanged, punctuation only, moved, reworded or changed.
- A program matched each clause with the one before it. Automatic matches were made by the program alone; machine-reviewed ones were also checked by a second program. A person has not checked either.

## Rulebook by rulebook

| Date | Rulebook | Clauses, by kind of change |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 22 January 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021 | 1 first recorded |
| 9 December 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, December 2021 | 1 unchanged |
| 23 January 2022 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022 | 1 reworded |
| 27 November 2022 | American four-wall, 27 November 2022 | 1 unchanged |
| 17 January 2024 | American four-wall, 17 January 2024 | 1 unchanged |
| 26 January 2024 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024 | 1 unchanged |
| 26 January 2025 | USHA Four-Wall Rulebook, 26 January 2025 | 1 unchanged |
| 26 January 2025 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 26 January 2025 | 1 unchanged |

## The wording

### Rule 4.9, rulebook by rulebook

Begins: “C. Duplicity. If a player’s behavior is severe enough…”

- **22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic).

  > C. Duplicity. If a player’s behavior is severe enough to warrant a technical, the technical may be assessed in addition to any other penalty, including an avoidable hinder.

- 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic).

- **23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, December 2021.

  > C. [- Duplicity. -] [+ Multiple penalties. +] If a player’s behavior is severe enough to warrant a technical, the technical may be assessed in addition to any other penalty, including an avoidable hinder.
  
  2 words added, 1 removed.

5 more rulebooks with the same words:

  - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic).
  - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic).
  - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic).
  - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic).
  - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic).

All rules: [clause history](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/clause-history/).