# Rule 3.6 Line judges: how the wording changed (American one-wall, small ball) 48 rulebooks state this rule, from 20 June 1990 to 26 January 2025. The wording was reworded or changed 10 times. ## How to read this - Added words are marked [+ like this +]; removed words [- like this -]. - Each rulebook says what kind of change it is: unchanged, punctuation only, moved, reworded or changed. - A program matched each clause with the one before it. Automatic matches were made by the program alone; machine-reviewed ones were also checked by a second program. A person has not checked either. ## Rulebook by rulebook | Date | Rulebook | Clauses, by kind of change | | --- | --- | --- | | 20 June 1990 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990 | 2 first recorded | | 14 October 1994 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994 | 6 first recorded | | 31 January 1999 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 31 January 1999 | 1 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 31 January 1999 | American four-wall, 31 January 1999 | 1 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 2000 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 2000 | 5 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 9 March 2001 | USHA One-Wall Rules, March 2001 | 6 unchanged | | 7 October 2001 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 7 October 2001 | 6 unchanged | | 8 April 2002 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 8 April 2002 | 6 unchanged | | 20 August 2002 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002 | 6 unchanged | | 19 January 2005 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004 | 2 unchanged | | 1 April 2005 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005 | 1 reworded, 1 changed | | 15 April 2005 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 16 January 2005 | 1 reworded, 1 changed | | June 2006 | USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006 | 2 unchanged | | June 2006 | American one-wall, small ball, June 2006 | 2 unchanged | | June 2006 | USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006 | 2 unchanged | | May 2007 | USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007 | 2 unchanged | | 13 October 2007 | American three-wall, 13 October 2007 | 2 reworded | | June 2008 | USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008 | 2 unchanged | | 2012 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2012 | 2 unchanged | | 2014 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014 | 2 unchanged | | January 2014 | USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014 | 1 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 6 February 2015 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015 | 2 unchanged | | 6 February 2015 | USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015 | 1 unchanged, 1 reworded | | 6 February 2015 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015 | 2 reworded | | 22 January 2017 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017 | 2 unchanged | | 22 January 2017 | USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017 | 2 unchanged | | 22 January 2017 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017 | 2 unchanged | | 27 January 2019 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019 | 2 unchanged | | 27 January 2019 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019 | 3 first recorded, 1 unchanged, 1 reworded | | 12 July 2019 | American four-wall, 12 July 2019 | 2 unchanged | | 12 July 2019 | American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019 | 5 unchanged | | 26 January 2020 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020 | 2 unchanged | | 26 January 2020 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020 | 5 unchanged | | 20 September 2020 | USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020 | 5 unchanged | | 21 September 2020 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, September 2020 | 2 unchanged | | 22 January 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021 | 2 unchanged | | 22 January 2021 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021 | 5 unchanged | | 9 December 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, December 2021 | 2 unchanged | | 23 January 2022 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022 | 2 unchanged | | 23 January 2022 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022 | 5 unchanged | | 27 November 2022 | American four-wall, 27 November 2022 | 2 unchanged | | 17 January 2024 | American four-wall, 17 January 2024 | 2 unchanged | | 26 January 2024 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024 | 2 unchanged | | 26 January 2024 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024 | 5 unchanged | | 17 July 2024 | American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024 | 5 unchanged | | 26 January 2025 | USHA Four-Wall Rulebook, 26 January 2025 | 2 unchanged | | 26 January 2025 | USHA One-Wall Rulebook, 26 January 2025 | 5 unchanged | | 26 January 2025 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 26 January 2025 | 2 unchanged | ## The wording ### Rule 3.6, part 1 of 9 Begins: “If he wins the appeal, he is awarded the…” - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > If he wins the appeal, he is awarded the appropriate call. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 3.6, part 2 of 9 Begins: “After the rally, either player may appeal a double-bounce…” - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > After the rally, either player may appeal a double-bounce call or non-call, kill shots called good or no good, or any call or non-call regarding a legal return. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 3.6, part 3 of 9 Begins: “The outcome of the appeal may result in a…” - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > The outcome of the appeal may result in a point or handout being upheld, reversed or replayed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 3.6, part 4 of 9 Begins: “At no time may a player appeal a hinder…” - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > At no time may a player appeal a hinder serve, hinder (other than court hinders), technicals or other discretionary calls. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 3.6, part 5 of 9 Begins: “The signal to show agreement with the referee is…” - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. 8 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 3.6, part 6 of 9 Begins: “The signal to show no opinion or that the…” - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure, or his/her view was blocked, is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. 8 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 3.6, part 7 of 9 Begins: “Line judges shall not signal until the referee acknowledges…” - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > Line judges shall not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 8 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 3.6, item A Begins: “A. Linesmen. If possible, two linesmen will be used…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A. Linesmen. > If possible, two linesmen will be used in all matches, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints. > A linesman's opinion is based on his agreement or disagreement with the referee's call. > If a linesman is uncertain, he should abstain from expressing an opinion. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A. Linesmen. There should be a linesman, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints, for each of the side lines, the short line and the long line. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > A. Linesmen. [- > -] If possible, two linesmen will be used in all matches, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints. [- > -] A linesman's opinion is based on his agreement or disagreement with the referee's call. [- > -] If a linesman is uncertain, he should abstain from expressing an opinion. no words changed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > A. Linesmen. [- > -] If possible, two linesmen will be used in all matches, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints. [- > -] A linesman's opinion is based on his agreement or disagreement with the referee's call. [- > -] If a linesman is uncertain, he should abstain from expressing an opinion. no words changed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > A. [- Linesmen. -] [+ Line Judges. +] There should be a [- linesman, -] [+ line judge, +] positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints, for each of the side lines, the short line and the long line. 4 words added, 2 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A. [- Linesmen. -] [+ Line Judges. +] If possible, two [- linesmen -] [+ line judges +] will be used in all matches, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints. A [- linesman's -] [+ line judge’s +] opinion is based on [- his -] [+ his/her +] agreement or disagreement with the referee's call. If a [- linesman -] [+ line judge +] is uncertain, [- he -] [+ he/she +] should abstain from expressing an opinion. 10 words added, 6 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A. [- Linesmen. -] [+ Line Judges. +] If possible, two [- linesmen -] [+ line judges +] will be used in all matches, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints. A [- linesman's -] [+ line judge’s +] opinion is based on [- his -] [+ his/her +] agreement or disagreement with the referee's call. If a [- linesman -] [+ line judge +] is uncertain, [- he -] [+ he/she +] should abstain from expressing an opinion. 10 words added, 6 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > A. Line Judges. If possible, two line judges will be used in all matches, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints. A line judge’s opinion is based on his/her agreement or disagreement with the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call. If a line judge is uncertain, he/she should abstain from expressing an opinion. 1 word added, 1 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > A. Line Judges. There should be a line judge, positioned at the most advantageous [- viewpoints, -] [+ views, +] for each of the side lines, the short line and the long line. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > A. [- Linesmen. -] [+ Line Judges. +] If possible, two [- linesmen -] [+ line judges +] will be used in all matches, positioned at the most advantageous viewpoints. A [- linesman's -] [+ line judge’s +] opinion is based on [- his -] [+ his/her +] agreement or disagreement with the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call. If a [- linesman -] [+ line judge +] is uncertain, [- he -] [+ he/she +] should abstain from expressing an opinion. 11 words added, 7 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > A. Line Judges. There should be a line judge, positioned at the most advantageous [- views, -] [+ viewpoints, +] for each of the side lines, the short line and the long line. 1 word added, 1 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 3.6, item B Begins: “B. Duties and responsibilities. Linesmen are designated to help…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > B. Duties and responsibilities. > Linesmen are designated to help decide appealed calls. > In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the linesmen must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. > The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. > The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure or his view was blocked is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. > Line judges should not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > B. Duties and Responsibilities. Their duties shall be to call "Out" the balls that hit the floor or the wall off the court and to call faults on their respective lines as they occur. The short linesman may call skip balls, backswing hinders and two bounce returns at the discretion of the referee. If a linesman is uncertain, he should abstain from making a call. The referee may substitute his decision on a call. Linesmen also help decide appealed calls. In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the linesmen must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up; disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. The signal to show no agreement or that the line judge is unsure or his view was blocked is an arm extended with an open hand and palm down. Line judges should not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > B. Duties and responsibilities. [- > -] Linesmen are designated to help decide appealed calls. [- > -] In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the linesmen must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. [- > -] The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. [- > -] The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is [- unsure -] [+ unsure, +] or his view was [- blocked -] [+ blocked, +] is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. [- > -] Line judges should not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 2 words added, 2 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > B. Duties and responsibilities. [- > -] Linesmen are designated to help decide appealed calls. [- > -] In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the linesmen must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. [- > -] The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. [- > -] The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is [- unsure -] [+ unsure, +] or his view was [- blocked -] [+ blocked, +] is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. [- > -] Line judges should not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 2 words added, 2 removed. - **2000, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. > B. Duties and Responsibilities. Their duties shall be to call [- "Out" -] [+ "out" +] the balls that hit the floor or the wall off the court and to call faults on their respective lines as they occur. The short linesman may call skip balls, backswing hinders and two bounce returns at the discretion of the referee. If a linesman is uncertain, he should abstain from making a call. The referee may substitute his decision on a call. [+ > +] Linesmen also help decide appealed calls. [+ > +] In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the linesmen must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. [+ > +] The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up; disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. [+ > +] The signal to show no agreement or that the line judge is unsure or his view was blocked is an arm extended with an open hand and palm down. [+ > +] Line judges should not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 1 word added, 1 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > B. Duties and [- Responsibilities. Their -] [+ responsibilities. Line judge +] duties shall be to call "out" the balls that hit the floor or the wall off the court and to call faults on their respective lines as they occur. The short [- linesman -] [+ line judge +] may call skip balls, backswing hinders and two bounce returns at the discretion of the referee. If a [- linesman -] [+ line judge +] is uncertain, [- he -] [+ he/she +] should abstain from making a call. The referee may substitute [- his -] [+ his/her +] decision on a call. > [- Linesmen -] [+ Line judges +] also [+ are designated to +] help decide appealed calls. > In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the [- linesmen -] [+ line judges +] must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. > The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb [- up; -] [+ up, +] disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. > The signal to show no [- agreement -] [+ opinion +] or that the line judge is [- unsure -] [+ unsure, +] or [- his -] [+ his/her +] view was [- blocked -] [+ locked, +] is [- an -] arm extended with an open hand and palm down. > Line judges [- should -] [+ shall +] not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 22 words added, 15 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > B. Duties and responsibilities. [- Linesmen -] [+ Line judges +] are designated to help decide appealed calls. In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the [- linesmen -] [+ line judges +] must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure, or [- his -] [+ his/her +] view was blocked, is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. Line judges [- should -] [+ shall +] not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 6 words added, 4 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > B. Duties and responsibilities. [- Linesmen -] [+ Line judges +] are designated to help decide appealed calls. In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the [- linesmen -] [+ line judges +] must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure, or [- his -] [+ his/her +] view was blocked, is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. Line judges [- should -] [+ shall +] not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 6 words added, 4 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > B. Duties and responsibilities. Line judges are designated to help decide appealed calls. In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the line judges must indicate their opinions of the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call. The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure, or his/her view was blocked, is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. Line judges shall not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 1 word added, 1 removed. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. > B. Duties and responsibilities. Line judge duties shall be to call "out" the balls that hit the floor or the wall off the court and to call faults on their respective lines as they occur. The short line judge may call skip balls, backswing hinders and two bounce returns at the discretion of the referee. If a line judge is uncertain, he/she should abstain from making a call. The referee may substitute his/her decision on a call. > Line judges also are designated to help decide appealed calls. > In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the line judges must indicate their opinions of the referee's call. > The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. > The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure, or his/her view was [- locked, -] [+ blocked, +] is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. > Line judges shall not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 1 word added, 1 removed. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > B. Duties and responsibilities. Line judge duties shall be to call [- "out" -] [+ “out” +] the balls that hit the floor or the wall off the court and to call faults on their respective lines as they occur. The short line judge may call skip balls, backswing hinders and two bounce returns at the discretion of the referee. If a line judge is uncertain, he/she should abstain from making a call. The referee may substitute his/her decision on a call. > Line judges also are designated to help decide appealed calls. > In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the line judges must indicate their opinions of the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call. [- > The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. > The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure, or his/her view was blocked, is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. > Line judges shall not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. -] 2 words added, 67 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > B. Duties and responsibilities. [- Linesmen -] [+ Line judges +] are designated to help decide appealed calls. In the event of an appeal, and after a very brief explanation of the appeal by the referee, the [- linesmen -] [+ line judges +] must indicate their opinions of the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call. The signal to show agreement with the referee is arm extended with thumb up, disagreement is shown by thumb pointing down. The signal to show no opinion or that the line judge is unsure, or [- his -] [+ his/her +] view was blocked, is arm extended with an open hand and palm down. Line judges [- should -] [+ shall +] not signal until the referee acknowledges the appeal and asks for a ruling. 7 words added, 5 removed. 24 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. All rules: [clause history](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/clause-history/).