# Rule 31 Rule 31: how the wording changed (American one-wall, small ball)

3 rulebooks state this rule, from 20 November 1922 to 1931. The wording was reworded or changed 2 times.

## How to read this

- Added words are marked [+ like this +]; removed words [- like this -].
- Each rulebook says what kind of change it is: unchanged, punctuation only, moved, reworded or changed.
- A program matched each clause with the one before it. Automatic matches were made by the program alone; machine-reviewed ones were also checked by a second program. A person has not checked either.

## Rulebook by rulebook

| Date | Rulebook | Clauses, by kind of change |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 20 November 1922 | A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 20 November 1922 | 1 first recorded |
| 20 November 1927 | A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 20 November 1927 | 1 first recorded, 1 changed |
| 1931 | A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 1931 | 1 moved, 1 changed |

## The wording

### Rule 31, part 1 of 2

Begins: “During tournament or match play, leaving the court without…”

- **20 November 1922, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic).

  > During tournament or match play, leaving the court without consent of adversary forfeits the series unless excused by the referee.

- **20 November 1927, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 20 November 1922.

  > During tournament or match play, leaving the court without consent of [- adversary -] [+ referee +] forfeits the [- series unless excused by the referee. -] [+ series. +]
  
  2 words added, 7 removed.

- **1931, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules**: Moved (automatic). Compared with A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 20 November 1927.

  Same words as the rulebook compared with.

### Rule 31, part 2 of 2

Begins: “Between the second and third games in the preliminaries…”

- **20 November 1927, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic).

  > Between the second and third games in the preliminaries there shall be a rest period of ten minutes, and also a rest period for ten minutes between the third and fourth games in the semi-finals and finals.

- **1931, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 20 November 1927.

  > Between the second and third games [- in -] [+ and +] the [- preliminaries -] [+ third and fourth games +] there shall be a rest period of ten minutes, [- and also a rest period for ten minutes between -] [+ with +] the [- third and fourth games in -] [+ privilege of leaving +] the [- semi-finals and finals. -] [+ court. +]
  
  10 words added, 19 removed.

All rules: [clause history](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/clause-history/).