# Rule 4.5 Changes of serve: how the wording changed (American one-wall, small ball) 48 rulebooks state this rule, from 20 June 1990 to 26 January 2025. The wording was reworded or changed 22 times. ## How to read this - Added words are marked [+ like this +]; removed words [- like this -]. - Each rulebook says what kind of change it is: unchanged, punctuation only, moved, reworded or changed. - A program matched each clause with the one before it. Automatic matches were made by the program alone; machine-reviewed ones were also checked by a second program. A person has not checked either. ## Rulebook by rulebook | Date | Rulebook | Clauses, by kind of change | | --- | --- | --- | | 20 June 1990 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990 | 9 first recorded | | 14 October 1994 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994 | 9 first recorded | | 31 January 1999 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 31 January 1999 | 5 unchanged, 2 punctuation only, 2 reworded | | 31 January 1999 | American four-wall, 31 January 1999 | 4 unchanged, 3 punctuation only, 2 reworded | | 2000 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 2000 | 7 unchanged, 2 punctuation only | | 9 March 2001 | USHA One-Wall Rules, March 2001 | 9 unchanged | | 7 October 2001 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 7 October 2001 | 9 unchanged | | 8 April 2002 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 8 April 2002 | 9 unchanged | | 20 August 2002 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002 | 9 unchanged | | 19 January 2005 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004 | 9 unchanged | | 1 April 2005 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005 | 1 unchanged, 2 punctuation only, 6 reworded | | 15 April 2005 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 16 January 2005 | 2 unchanged, 3 punctuation only, 4 reworded | | June 2006 | USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006 | 9 unchanged | | June 2006 | American one-wall, small ball, June 2006 | 9 unchanged | | June 2006 | USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006 | 9 unchanged | | May 2007 | USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007 | 9 unchanged | | 13 October 2007 | American three-wall, 13 October 2007 | 2 unchanged, 3 punctuation only, 4 reworded | | June 2008 | USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008 | 9 unchanged | | 2012 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2012 | 9 unchanged | | 2014 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014 | 9 unchanged | | January 2014 | USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014 | 9 unchanged | | 6 February 2015 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015 | 9 unchanged | | 6 February 2015 | USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015 | 4 unchanged, 5 punctuation only | | 6 February 2015 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015 | 2 unchanged, 3 punctuation only, 4 reworded | | 22 January 2017 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017 | 9 unchanged | | 22 January 2017 | USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017 | 9 unchanged | | 22 January 2017 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017 | 9 unchanged | | 27 January 2019 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019 | 9 unchanged | | 27 January 2019 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019 | 4 unchanged, 5 punctuation only | | 12 July 2019 | American four-wall, 12 July 2019 | 9 unchanged | | 12 July 2019 | American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019 | 9 unchanged | | 26 January 2020 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020 | 9 unchanged | | 26 January 2020 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020 | 9 unchanged | | 20 September 2020 | USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020 | 9 unchanged | | 21 September 2020 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, September 2020 | 9 unchanged | | 22 January 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021 | 9 unchanged | | 22 January 2021 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021 | 8 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 9 December 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, December 2021 | 9 unchanged | | 23 January 2022 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022 | 9 unchanged | | 23 January 2022 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022 | 9 unchanged | | 27 November 2022 | American four-wall, 27 November 2022 | 9 unchanged | | 17 January 2024 | American four-wall, 17 January 2024 | 9 unchanged | | 26 January 2024 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024 | 9 unchanged | | 26 January 2024 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024 | 9 unchanged | | 17 July 2024 | American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024 | 9 unchanged | | 26 January 2025 | USHA Four-Wall Rulebook, 26 January 2025 | 9 unchanged | | 26 January 2025 | USHA One-Wall Rulebook, 26 January 2025 | 9 unchanged | | 26 January 2025 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 26 January 2025 | 9 unchanged | ## The wording ### Rule 4.5, part 1 of 9 Begins: “A server is entitled to continue serving until he…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A server is entitled to continue serving until he or his side makes an out. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A server is entitled to continue serving until he or his side makes an out. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > A server [- is entitled to continue -] [+ continues +] serving until he or his side makes an out. 1 word added, 4 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > A server [- is entitled to continue -] [+ continues +] serving until he or his side makes an out. 1 word added, 4 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > A server [- is entitled to continue -] [+ continues +] serving until [- he -] [+ he/she +] or [- his -] [+ his/her +] side makes an out. 3 words added, 6 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A server continues serving until [- he -] [+ he/she +] or [- his -] [+ his/her +] side makes an out. 2 words added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A server continues serving until [- he -] [+ he/she +] or [- his -] [+ his/her +] side makes an out. 2 words added, 2 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - 6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > A server continues serving until [- he -] [+ he/she +] or [- his -] [+ his/her +] side makes an out. 2 words added, 2 removed. 24 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, part 2 of 9 Begins: “When the server or the side loses the serve,…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > When the server or the side loses the serve, they become the receiver or receiving side, and the receiving side becomes the serving side; and so alternately in all subsequent services of the game. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > When the server or the serving side loses the serve, they become the receiver or receiving side, and the receiving side becomes the serving side; and so alternately in all subsequent services of the game. 8 more rulebooks with the same words: - 31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. - 31 January 1999, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > When the server or the [- serving -] side loses the serve, they become the receiver or receiving side, and the receiving side becomes the serving side; and so alternately in all subsequent services of the game. 1 word removed. 37 more rulebooks with the same words: - 15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - 13 October 2007, American three-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - 6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. - 6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, part 3 of 9 Begins: “Outs are made by:” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > Outs are made by: - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > Outs are made by: 46 more rulebooks with the same words: - 31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. - 31 January 1999, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - 1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. - 15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - 13 October 2007, American three-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - 6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. - 6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, item A Begins: “A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A. Out serve. > The server makes an out serve under Rule 4.3 C. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule 4.3C. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > A. Out serve. [- > -] The server makes an out serve under Rule 4.3 [- C. -] [+ D. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > A. Out serve. [- > -] The server makes an out serve under Rule 4.3 [- C. -] [+ D. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. - **2000, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule [- 4.3C. -] [+ 4.3D. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule [- 4.3D. -] [+ 4.3 D . +] 3 words added, 1 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule [- 4.3 D. -] [+ 4.3.D. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule [- 4.3 D. -] [+ 4.3.D. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule [- 4.3 D . -] [+ 4.3.D. +] 1 word added, 3 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule [- 4.3 D. -] [+ 4.3.D. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > A. Out serve. The server makes an out serve under Rule [- 4.3.D. -] [+ 4.3 D . +] 3 words added, 1 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, item B Begins: “B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > B. Fault serves. > The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule 4.3 B. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule 4.3B. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > B. Fault serves. [- > -] The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule 4.3 [- B. -] [+ C. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > B. Fault serves. [- > -] The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule 4.3 [- B. -] [+ C. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. - **2000, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule [- 4.3B. -] [+ 4.3C. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule [- 4.3C. -] [+ 4.3 C. +] 2 words added, 1 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule [- 4.3 C. -] [+ 4.3.C. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule [- 4.3 C. -] [+ 4.3.C. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule [- 4.3 C. -] [+ 4.3.C. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule [- 4.3 C. -] [+ 4.3.C. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > B. Fault serves. The server makes two fault serves before executing a legal serve under Rule [- 4.3.C. -] [+ 4.3 C. +] 2 words added, 1 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, item C Begins: “C. Hits partner. The server hits his partner with…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > C. Hits partner. > The server hits his partner with an attempted return. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > C. Hits partner. The server hits his partner with an attempted return. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > C. Hits partner. [- > -] The server hits his partner with an attempted return. no words changed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > C. Hits partner. [- > -] The server hits his partner with an attempted return. no words changed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > C. Hits partner. The server hits [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner with an attempted return. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > C. Hits partner. The server hits [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner with an attempted return. 1 word added, 1 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > C. Hits partner. The server hits [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner with an attempted return. 1 word added, 1 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - 6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > C. Hits partner. The server hits [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner with an attempted return. 1 word added, 1 removed. 24 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, item D Begins: “D. Return failure. The server or his partner fails…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > D. Return failure. > The server or his partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule 4.4 C. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > D. Return failure. The server or his partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule 4.4C. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > D. Return failure. [- > -] The server or his partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule 4.4 C. no words changed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > D. Return failure. [- > -] The server or his partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule 4.4 C. no words changed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > D. Return failure. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule [- 4.4C. -] [+ 4.4 C. +] 3 words added, 2 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > D. Return failure. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule [- 4.4 C. -] [+ 4.4.C. +] 2 words added, 3 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > D. Return failure. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule [- 4.4 C. -] [+ 4.4.C. +] 2 words added, 3 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > D. Return failure. The server or his/her partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule [- 4.4 C. -] [+ 4.4.C. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > D. Return failure. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule [- 4.4 C. -] [+ 4.4.C. +] 2 words added, 3 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > D. Return failure. The server or his/her partner fails to keep the ball in play by returning it as required by Rule [- 4.4.C. -] [+ 4.4 C. +] 2 words added, 1 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, item E Begins: “E. Avoidable hinder. The server or his partner commits…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > E. Avoidable hinder. > The server or his partner commits an avoidable hinder (See rule 4.8). - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or his partner commits an avoidable hinder (See Rule 4.8). - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > E. Avoidable hinder. [- > -] The server or his partner commits an avoidable hinder (See rule 4.8). no words changed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > E. Avoidable hinder. [- > -] The server or his partner commits an avoidable hinder (See [- rule -] [+ Rule +] 4.8). 1 word added, 1 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner commits an avoidable hinder [- (See -] [+ ( See +] Rule [- 4.8). -] [+ 4.9). +] 4 words added, 3 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner commits an avoidable hinder (See Rule 4.8). 1 word added, 1 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner commits an avoidable hinder (See Rule 4.8). 1 word added, 1 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or his/her partner commits an avoidable hinder [- ( See -] [+ (See +] Rule [- 4.9). -] [+ 4.8). +] 2 words added, 3 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner commits an avoidable hinder (See Rule 4.8). 1 word added, 1 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or his/her partner commits an avoidable hinder [- (See -] [+ ( See +] Rule [- 4.8). -] [+ 4.9). +] 3 words added, 2 removed. 7 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. > E. Avoidable hinder. The server or his/her partner commits an avoidable hinder [- ( See -] [+ (See +] Rule 4.9). 1 word added, 2 removed. 11 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.5, item F Begins: “F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > F. Second out. > In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve as provided in Rule 4.2 A. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve as provided in Rule 4.2A. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > F. Second out. [- > -] In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve [+ of the game +] as provided in Rule 4.2 A. 3 words added. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > F. Second out. [- > -] In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve [+ of the game +] as provided in Rule 4.2 A. 3 words added. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve [+ of the game +] as provided in Rule [- 4.2A. -] [+ 4.2 A. +] 5 words added, 1 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve of the game as provided in Rule [- 4.2 A. -] [+ 4.2.A. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve of the game as provided in Rule [- 4.2 A. -] [+ 4.2.A. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve of the game as provided in Rule [- 4.2 A. -] [+ 4.2.A. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve of the game as provided in Rule [- 4.2 A. -] [+ 4.2.A. +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > F. Second out. In doubles, the side is retired when both partners have been put out, except on the first serve of the game as provided in Rule [- 4.2.A. -] [+ 4.2 A. +] 2 words added, 1 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. All rules: [clause history](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/clause-history/).