# Rule 4.7 Dead-ball Hinders: how the wording changed (American one-wall, small ball) 52 rulebooks state this rule, from 20 November 1922 to 30 October 2026. The wording was reworded or changed 55 times. ## How to read this - Added words are marked [+ like this +]; removed words [- like this -]. - Each rulebook says what kind of change it is: unchanged, punctuation only, moved, reworded or changed. - A program matched each clause with the one before it. Automatic matches were made by the program alone; machine-reviewed ones were also checked by a second program. A person has not checked either. ## Rulebook by rulebook | Date | Rulebook | Clauses, by kind of change | | --- | --- | --- | | 20 November 1922 | A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 20 November 1922 | 1 first recorded | | 20 November 1927 | A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 20 November 1927 | 1 unchanged | | 1931 | A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 1931 | 1 unchanged | | 20 June 1990 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990 | 12 first recorded | | 14 October 1994 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994 | 13 first recorded, 1 reworded | | 31 January 1999 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 31 January 1999 | 4 unchanged, 5 punctuation only, 1 reworded, 2 changed | | 31 January 1999 | American four-wall, 31 January 1999 | 4 unchanged, 5 punctuation only, 1 reworded, 2 changed | | 2000 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 2000 | 11 unchanged, 1 punctuation only, 1 reworded, 1 changed | | 9 March 2001 | USHA One-Wall Rules, March 2001 | 14 unchanged | | 7 October 2001 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 7 October 2001 | 13 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 8 April 2002 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 8 April 2002 | 14 unchanged | | 20 August 2002 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002 | 14 unchanged | | 19 January 2005 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004 | 12 unchanged | | 1 April 2005 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005 | 2 unchanged, 2 punctuation only, 7 reworded, 3 changed | | 15 April 2005 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 16 January 2005 | 4 unchanged, 1 punctuation only, 5 reworded, 2 changed | | June 2006 | USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006 | 12 unchanged | | June 2006 | American one-wall, small ball, June 2006 | 14 unchanged | | June 2006 | USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006 | 14 unchanged | | May 2007 | USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007 | 12 unchanged | | 13 October 2007 | American three-wall, 13 October 2007 | 4 unchanged, 1 punctuation only, 5 reworded, 2 changed | | June 2008 | USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008 | 13 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 2012 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2012 | 5 unchanged, 7 punctuation only | | 2014 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014 | 12 unchanged | | January 2014 | USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014 | 14 unchanged | | 6 February 2015 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015 | 11 unchanged, 1 punctuation only | | 6 February 2015 | USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015 | 5 unchanged, 3 punctuation only, 2 moved, 2 reworded, 2 changed | | 6 February 2015 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015 | 2 unchanged, 4 punctuation only, 5 reworded, 1 changed | | 22 January 2017 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017 | 12 unchanged | | 22 January 2017 | USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017 | 14 unchanged | | 22 January 2017 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017 | 12 unchanged | | 27 January 2019 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019 | 12 unchanged | | 27 January 2019 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019 | 5 unchanged, 3 punctuation only, 2 moved, 2 reworded, 2 changed | | 12 July 2019 | American four-wall, 12 July 2019 | 12 unchanged | | 12 July 2019 | American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019 | 14 unchanged | | 26 January 2020 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020 | 11 unchanged, 1 changed | | 26 January 2020 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020 | 13 unchanged, 1 changed | | 20 September 2020 | USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020 | 14 unchanged | | 21 September 2020 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, September 2020 | 12 unchanged | | 22 January 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021 | 11 unchanged, 1 changed | | 22 January 2021 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021 | 10 unchanged, 3 punctuation only, 1 changed | | 9 December 2021 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, December 2021 | 12 unchanged | | 23 January 2022 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022 | 12 unchanged | | 23 January 2022 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022 | 14 unchanged | | 27 November 2022 | American four-wall, 27 November 2022 | 12 unchanged | | 17 January 2024 | American four-wall, 17 January 2024 | 12 unchanged | | 26 January 2024 | USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024 | 12 unchanged | | 26 January 2024 | USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024 | 14 unchanged | | 17 July 2024 | American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024 | 14 unchanged | | 26 January 2025 | USHA Four-Wall Rulebook, 26 January 2025 | 11 unchanged, 1 changed | | 26 January 2025 | USHA One-Wall Rulebook, 26 January 2025 | 13 unchanged, 1 changed | | 26 January 2025 | USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 26 January 2025 | 11 unchanged, 1 reworded | | 30 October 2026 | USHA Four-Wall Abridged Rules, May 2010 | 1 reworded | ## The wording ### Rule 4.7, part 1 of 14 Begins: “Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. (See Rule 4.6.F.3) Interpretations: 7 interpretations attached. - New here: Balls that skid on wet walls or floors are court hinders, assuming that the player was in position to make a return had the ball bounced truly. - New here: However, a house rule may prevail for courts that tend to be very humid, causing the ball to frequently skid on the walls. - New here: In such circumstances, hinders should not be called for balls skidding on walls. - New here: The referee must inform the players before such a house rule will apply. - New here: Balls that skid on a wet floor will always be called hinders, regardless of the condition of the court, again assuming that the player was in position to make a return had the ball bounced truly. - New here: The referee must remember that if the ball is judged to be un-retrievable, a hinder should not be called no matter what kind of interference takes place. - New here: However, if the referee is in doubt, the benefit of that doubt should go to the player attempting to retrieve the ball and the hinder should be called. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. Interpretations: 3 interpretations attached. - New here: Balls that skid on a wet floor will always be called hinders, assuming that the player was in position to make a return had the ball bounced truly. - New here: The referee must remember that if the ball is judged to be unretrievable, a hinder should not be called no matter what kind of interference takes place. - New here: However, if the referee is in doubt, the benefit of that doubt should go to the player attempting to retrieve the ball and the hinder should be called. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. (See Rule [- 4.6.F.3) -] [+ 4.6.F.3). +] 1 word added, 1 removed. Interpretations: 7 interpretations attached; 7 carried over unchanged. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. (See Rule [- 4.6.F.3) -] [+ 4.6.F.3). +] 1 word added, 1 removed. Interpretations: 7 interpretations attached; 7 carried over unchanged. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 7 interpretations attached; 7 carried over unchanged. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. [+ ( See Rule 4.6.F.3 ). +] 5 words added. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7 A.(1): Interpretation No. 10 - New here: Balls that skid on wet floors are court hinders, assuming that the player was in position to make a return had the ball bounced truly. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7 A.7: Interpretation No. 11 - New here: This situation comes about when the offensive player finds himself/herself unable to execute a swing without immediately hitting the opponent with his/her hand, arm or the ball. - New here: This rule is designed to increase the safety of all players and is not meant to create additional opportunities for players to stop play. - New here: Players who call for a safety hold-up and stop play may find the referee in disagreement, in which case the referee’s call prevails. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7 B.1&2: Interpretation No. 12 - New here: The referee must remember that if the ball is judged to be un-retrievable, a hinder should not be called no matter what kind of interference takes place. - New here: However, if the referee is in doubt, the benefit of that doubt should go to the player attempting to retrieve the ball and the hinder should be called. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 6 carried over unchanged; 1 earlier one no longer attached. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.A.(1): Interpretation No. 10 - New here: However, a house rule may prevail for courts that tend to be very humid, frequently causing the ball to skid on the walls. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7. - New here: A.7: Interpretation No. 11 - New here: This situation comes about when the offensive player finds himself/herself unable to execute a swing without immediately hitting the opponent with his/her hand, arm or the ball. - New here: This rule is designed to increase the safety of all players and is not meant to create additional opportunities for players to stop play. - New here: Players who call for a safety hold-up and stop play may find the referee in disagreement, in which case the referee’s call prevails. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.B: Interpretation No. 12 - **June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 16 January 2005. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **June 2006, American one-wall, small ball**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 6 carried over unchanged; 1 earlier one no longer attached. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.A.(1): Interpretation No. 10 - New here: However, a house rule may prevail for courts that tend to be very humid, frequently causing the ball to skid on the walls. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7. - New here: A.7: Interpretation No. 11 - New here: This situation comes about when the offensive player finds himself/herself unable to execute a swing without immediately hitting the opponent with his/her hand, arm or the ball. - New here: This rule is designed to increase the safety of all players and is not meant to create additional opportunities for players to stop play. - New here: Players who call for a safety hold-up and stop play may find the referee in disagreement, in which case the referee’s call prevails. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.B: Interpretation No. 12 - **June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2012. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 13 carried over unchanged; 1 earlier one no longer attached. - New here: If the ball is judged to be un-retrievable, a hinder should not be called no matter what kind of interference takes place. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. [- ( See -] [+ (See +] Rule [- 4.6.F.3 ). -] [+ 4.6.F.3). +] 2 words added, 4 removed. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 4 carried over unchanged; 5 earlier ones no longer attached. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.A.(1): Interpretation No. 10 - New here: Balls that skid on wet walls or floors are court hinders, assuming that the player was in position to make a return had the ball bounced truly. - New here: However, a house rule may prevail for courts that tend to be very humid, frequently causing the ball to skid on the walls. - New here: In such circumstances, hinders should not be called for balls skidding on walls. - New here: The referee must inform the players before such a house rule will apply. - New here: Balls that skid on a wet floor will always be called hinders, regardless of the condition of the court, again assuming that the player was in position to make a return had the ball bounced truly. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7. - New here: A.7: Interpretation No. 11 - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.B: Interpretation No. 12 - New here: If the ball is judged to be un-retrievable, a hinder should not be called no matter what kind of interference takes place. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 5 carried over unchanged; 2 earlier ones no longer attached. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.A.(1): Interpretation No. 10 - New here: However, a house rule may prevail for courts that tend to be very humid, frequently causing the ball to skid on the walls. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7. - New here: A.7: Interpretation No. 11 - New here: This situation comes about when the offensive player finds himself/herself unable to execute a swing without immediately hitting the opponent with his/her hand, arm or the ball. - New here: This rule is designed to increase the safety of all players and is not meant to create additional opportunities for players to stop play. - New here: Players who call for a safety hold-up and stop play may find the referee in disagreement, in which case the referee’s call prevails. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7.B: Interpretation No. 12 - New here: If the ball is judged to be un-retrievable, a hinder should not be called no matter what kind of interference takes place. - **22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. [- (See -] [+ ( See +] Rule [- 4.6.F.3). -] [+ 4.6.F.3 ). +] 4 words added, 2 removed. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 4 carried over unchanged; 10 earlier ones no longer attached. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7 A.(1): Interpretation No. 10 - New here: Balls that skid on wet floors are court hinders, assuming that the player was in position to make a return had the ball bounced truly. - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7 A.7: Interpretation No. 11 - New here: Part 4, Rule 4.7 B.1&2: Interpretation No. 12 - New here: The referee must remember that if the ball is judged to be un-retrievable, a hinder should not be called no matter what kind of interference takes place. - **12 July 2019, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 12 July 2019. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, September 2020. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. > Dead-ball hinders should be called when interference affects the play. [- ( See -] [+ (See +] Rule [- 4.6.F.3 ). -] [+ 4.6.F.3). +] 2 words added, 4 removed. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, December 2021. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **27 November 2022, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **17 January 2024, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 27 November 2022. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 17 January 2024. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. - **26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 9 interpretations attached; 9 carried over unchanged. - **26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. Same words as the rulebook compared with. Interpretations: 14 interpretations attached; 14 carried over unchanged. ### Rule 4.7, part 2 of 14 Begins: “1.) Court hinders. If, in the referee's opinion, an…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 1.) Court hinders. > If, in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction, a court hinder should be called. > The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. > Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. > This is the referee's call, not the player's (See Interpretation No. 10). - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 1) Court hinders. If, in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction, a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, causing it to skid. This is the referee's call, not the player's (See Interpretation No. 10). - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 1.) Court hinders. [- > -] If, [+ after the ball has been legally served, +] in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction, a court hinder should be called. [- > -] The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. [- > -] Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. [- > -] This is the referee's call, not the [- player's -] [+ player's. +] (See Interpretation No. 10). 8 words added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 1.) Court hinders. [- > -] If, [+ after the ball has been legally served, +] in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction, a court hinder should be called. [- > -] The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. [- > -] Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. [- > -] This is the referee's call, not the [- player's -] [+ player's. +] (See Interpretation No. 10). 8 words added, 1 removed. - **2000, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. > 1) Court hinders. If, [+ after the ball has been legally served +] in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction, a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, causing it to skid. This is the referee's call, not the player's (See Interpretation No. [- 10). -] [+ 10 and Rule 4.3A1). +] 11 words added, 1 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > [- 1) -] [+ 1.) +] Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally [- served -] [+ served, +] in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court [- obstruction, -] [+ obstruction or irregularity, +] a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, causing it to skid. This is the referee's call, not the [- player's -] [+ player's. +] (See [- Interpretation No. 10 and -] Rule [- 4.3A1). -] [+ 3.4 A.4 and 4.3 A.1) +] 11 words added, 9 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 1.) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court [- obstruction, -] [+ obstruction or irregularity, +] a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. This is the referee's call, not the player's. [- (See Interpretation No. 10). -] 3 words added, 5 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 1.) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee's opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court [- obstruction, -] [+ obstruction or irregularity, +] a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. This is the referee's call, not the player's. [- (See Interpretation No. 10). -] 3 words added, 5 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > [- 1.) -] [+ 1) +] Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. This is the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call, not the [- player's. -] [+ player’s. +] 4 words added, 4 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > [- 1.) -] [+ 1) +] Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, [+ walls or ceiling, +] causing it to skid. This is the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call, not the [- player's. (See Rule 3.4 A.4 and 4.3 A.1) -] [+ player’s. +] 7 words added, 11 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > [- 1.) -] [+ 1) +] Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court [- obstruction, -] [+ obstruction or irregularity, +] a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. This is the [- referee's -] [+ referee’s +] call, not the [- player's. (See Interpretation No. 10). -] [+ player’s. +] 7 words added, 9 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > [- 1) -] [+ 1.) +] Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. The player should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, [- walls or ceiling, -] causing it to skid. This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. [+ (See Rule 3.4 A.4 and 4.3 A.1) +] 8 words added, 4 removed. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - **26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 12 July 2019. > 1) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. [- The -] [+ If the ball obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the +] player [+ who hit the shot will lose the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the official’s mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. Players +] should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, walls or ceiling, causing it to skid. This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. 61 words added, 1 removed. - **26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. > 1.) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. [- The -] [+ If the ball obviously would not have reached the wall on the fly, the +] player [+ who hit the shot will lose the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the official’s mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. Players +] should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, causing it to skid. This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. (See Rule 3.4 A.4 and 4.3 A.1) 60 words added, 1 removed. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - **22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, September 2020. > 1) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. If the ball obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the player who hit the shot will lose the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the official’s mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. Players should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, [- walls or ceiling, -] causing it to [- skid. -] [+ skid, or a ball that skids due to it being wet by any other means. +] This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. 15 words added, 4 removed. - **22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. > 1.) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. If the ball obviously would not have reached the wall on the fly, the player who hit the shot will lose the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the official’s mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. Players should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, causing it to [- skid. -] [+ skid, or a ball that skids due to it being wet by any other means. +] This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. (See Rule 3.4 A.4 and 4.3 A.1) 15 words added, 1 removed. 8 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - **26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. > 1) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. [- If the ball obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the player who hit the shot will lose the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the official’s mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. -] Players should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, causing it to skid, or a ball that skids due to it being wet by any other means. This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. 61 words removed. - **26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. > 1.) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. [- If the ball obviously would not have reached the wall on the fly, the player who hit the shot will lose the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the official’s mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. -] Players should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, causing it to skid, or a ball that skids due to it being wet by any other means. This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. (See Rule 3.4 A.4 and 4.3 A.1) 60 words removed. - **26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > 1) Court hinders. If, after the ball has been legally served, in the referee’s opinion, an erratic bounce is caused by a court obstruction or irregularity, a court hinder should be called. [- The player -] [+ Players +] should not stop play at any time in anticipation of a call. Included in court hinders is the ball that hits a wet spot on the floor, [- walls or ceiling, -] causing it to [- skid. -] [+ skid, or a ball that skids due to it being wet by any other means. +] This is the referee’s call, not the player’s. 16 words added, 6 removed. ### Rule 4.7, part 3 of 14 Begins: “1) Standing still. If a player attempting to play…” - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 1) Standing still. If a player attempting to play a ball is interfered with by an opponent, who, after his side has played the ball, was perfectly still in front of or aside the player, it is NOT a hinder. This "legal" hinder is the essence of the one-wall game. However, if a player of the side that has just hit the ball stands perfectly still, but his opponent moves back into him in trying to play the ball, not necessarily making contact, and is thus kept from having a fair chance to play the ball, it is a hinder. It is the duty of the player farther from the wall to get out of the way (See Interpretation No. 11). 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > 1) Standing still. If a player attempting to play a ball is interfered with by an opponent, who, after his side has played the ball, was perfectly still in front of or aside the player, it is NOT a hinder. This "legal" hinder is the essence of the one-wall game. However, if a player of the side that has just hit the ball stands perfectly still, but his opponent moves back into him in trying to play the ball, not necessarily making contact, and is thus kept from having a fair chance to play the ball, it is a hinder. It is the duty of the player farther from the wall to get out of the [- way -] [+ way. +] (See Interpretation No. [- 11). -] [+ 12) +] 2 words added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > 1) Standing still. If a player attempting to play a ball is interfered with by an opponent, who, after his side has played the ball, was perfectly still in front of or aside the player, it is NOT a hinder. This [- "legal" -] [+ “legal” +] hinder is the essence of the one-wall game. However, if a player of the side that has just hit the ball stands perfectly still, but his opponent moves back into him in trying to play the ball, not necessarily making contact, and is thus kept from having a fair chance to play the ball, it is a hinder. It is the duty of the player farther from the wall to get out of the way. (See Interpretation No. 12) 1 word added, 1 removed. 10 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 4.7, part 4 of 14 Begins: “2.) Ball hits opponent. When a returned ball touches…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 2.) Ball hits opponent. > When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the front wall, and the shot obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the player who is hit by the shot will be awarded the rally. > If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall or if there is any doubt in the official's mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 2) Ball hits opponent. When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the wall, and the shot obviously would not have been fair, the player who is hit by the shot will be awarded the rally. If there is any doubt in the official's mind, a dead-ball hinder will be called. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 2.) Ball hits opponent. [- > -] When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the front wall, and the shot obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the player who is hit by the shot will be awarded the rally. [- > -] If the ball had any chance of reaching the [- wall -] [+ wall, +] or if there is any doubt in the official's mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 2.) Ball hits opponent. [- > -] When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the front wall, and the shot obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the player who is hit by the shot will be awarded the rally. [- > -] If the ball had any chance of reaching the [- wall -] [+ wall, +] or if there is any doubt in the official's mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. 1 word added, 1 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > [- 2) -] [+ 2.) +] Ball hits [- opponent. -] [+ opponent . +] When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the wall, and the shot obviously would not have been fair, the player who [- is -] [+ was +] hit by the shot will be awarded the [- rally. -] [+ rally . +] If there is any doubt in the [- official's -] [+ official’s +] mind, a [- dead-ball -] [+ dead ball +] hinder [- will -] [+ shall +] be called. 10 words added, 7 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - 13 October 2007, American three-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. > 2.) Ball hits [- opponent . -] [+ opponent. +] When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the wall, and the shot obviously would not have been fair, the player who was hit by the shot will be awarded the rally . If there is any doubt in the official’s mind, a dead ball hinder shall be called. 1 word added, 2 removed. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > [- 2.) -] [+ 2) +] Ball hits opponent. When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the front wall, and the shot obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the player who is hit by the shot will be awarded the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the [- official's -] [+ official’s +] mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. 2 words added, 2 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > [- 2.) -] [+ 2) +] Ball hits opponent. When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the [+ front +] wall, and the shot obviously would not have [- been fair, -] [+ reached +] the [+ front wall on the fly, the +] player who [- was -] [+ is +] hit by the shot will be awarded the [- rally . -] [+ rally. +] If [+ the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if +] there is any doubt in the official’s [- mind, a dead -] [+ mind as to whether the +] ball [+ would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball +] hinder [- shall -] [+ will +] be called. 36 words added, 10 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > [- 2.) -] [+ 2) +] Ball hits opponent. When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the front wall, and the shot obviously would not have reached the front wall on the fly, the player who is hit by the shot will be awarded the rally. If the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if there is any doubt in the [- official's -] [+ official’s +] mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, a dead-ball hinder will be called. 2 words added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > [- 2) -] [+ 2.) +] Ball hits opponent. When a returned ball touches an opponent on the fly before hitting the [- front -] wall, and the shot obviously would not have [- reached the front wall on the fly, -] [+ been fair, +] the player who [- is -] [+ was +] hit by the shot will be awarded the [- rally. -] [+ rally . +] If [- the ball had any chance of reaching the wall, or if -] there is any doubt in the official’s [- mind as to whether the ball would have reached the front wall, -] [+ mind, +] a [- dead-ball -] [+ dead ball +] hinder [- will -] [+ shall +] be called. 10 words added, 36 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, part 5 of 14 Begins: “2) Being moved into the ball. If a player…” - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 2) Being moved into the ball. If a player on the side that has just hit the ball is moved or pushed unintentionally into the ball, or prevented from getting out of the way of a ball, by an opponent trying to play the ball, it is a dead ball hinder. 21 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). ### Rule 4.7, item 3 Begins: “3.) Body contact. If body contact occurs and the…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 3.) Body contact. > If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. > Except for the offensive player stopping play during his back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. > It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 3) Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during his backswing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. It is the judgment of the referee as to whether or not the contact impeded the play. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 3.) Body contact. [- > -] If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. [- > -] Except for the offensive player stopping play during his back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. [- > -] It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. no words changed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 3.) Body contact. [- > -] If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. [- > -] Except for the offensive player stopping play during his back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. [- > -] It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. no words changed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > [- 3) -] [+ 3.) +] Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during [- his backswing, -] [+ his/her back-swing, +] physical contact is not an automatic hinder. [+ Any other time an offensive player may immediately stop play and call contact, however, this is not an automatic hinder and the player stops play at his/her own risk. +] It is the judgment of the referee as to whether [- or not -] the contact impeded the play. 32 words added, 5 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 3.) Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during [- his -] [+ his/her +] back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. [+ Any other time an offensive player may immediately stop play and call contact, however, this is not an automatic hinder and the player stops play at his/her own risk. +] It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. 30 words added, 1 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Changed (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 3.) Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during [- his -] [+ his/her +] back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. [+ Any other time an offensive player may immediately stop play and call contact, however, this is not an automatic hinder and the player stops play at his/her own risk. +] It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. 30 words added, 1 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > [- 3.) -] [+ 3) +] Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during his/her back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. Any other time an offensive player may immediately stop play and call contact, however, this is not an automatic hinder and the player stops play at his/her own risk. It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. 1 word added, 1 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > [- 3.) -] [+ 3) +] Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during his/her back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. Any other time an offensive player may immediately stop play and call contact, however, this is not an automatic hinder and the player stops play at his/her own risk. It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Changed (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > [- 3.) -] [+ 3) +] Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during [- his -] [+ his/her +] back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. [+ Any other time an offensive player may immediately stop play and call contact, however, this is not an automatic hinder and the player stops play at his/her own risk. +] It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. 31 words added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > [- 3) -] [+ 3.) +] Body contact. If body contact occurs and the referee believes it was sufficient to stop the rally, either to prevent injury or because the contact distracted or prevented a player from being able to make a reasonable return, a hinder will be called. Except for the offensive player stopping play during his/her back-swing, physical contact is not an automatic hinder. Any other time an offensive player may immediately stop play and call contact, however, this is not an automatic hinder and the player stops play at his/her own risk. It is the judgment of the referee as to whether the contact impeded the play. 1 word added, 1 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item 4 Begins: “4.) Screen ball. Any ball rebounding from the front…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 4.) Screen ball. > Any ball rebounding from the front wall so close to the body of a defensive player that it interferes with or prevents the offensive player from having a clear view of the ball. > The referee should be careful not to make the screen call so quickly that it takes away a good offensive opportunity. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 4) Moving on service. If the server or his partner moves out of the way of a legally served ball (See Rule 4.3A1). - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 4.) Screen ball. [- > -] Any ball rebounding from the front wall so close to the body of a defensive player that it interferes with or prevents the offensive player from having a clear view of the ball. [- > -] The referee should be careful not to make the screen call so quickly that it takes away [- a good -] [+ an +] offensive [- opportunity. -] [+ advantage. +] 2 words added, 3 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 4.) Screen ball. [- > -] Any ball rebounding from the front wall so close to the body of a defensive player that it interferes with or prevents the offensive player from having a clear view of the ball. [- > -] The referee should be careful not to make the screen call so quickly that it takes away [- a good -] [+ an +] offensive [- opportunity. -] [+ advantage. +] 2 words added, 3 removed. - **2000, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. > 4) Moving on service. If the server or his partner moves out of the way of a legally served ball (See Rule [- 4.3A1). -] [+ 4.3B1). +] 1 word added, 1 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > [- 4) -] [+ 4.) +] Moving on service. If the server or [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner moves out of the way of a legally served [- ball -] [+ ball. +] (See Rule [- 4.3B1). -] [+ 4.3B1) +] 4 words added, 4 removed. 7 more rulebooks with the same words: - 15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - 13 October 2007, American three-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > [- 4.) -] [+ 4) +] Screen ball. Any ball rebounding from the front wall so close to the body of a defensive player that it interferes with or prevents the offensive player from having a clear view of the ball. The referee should be careful not to make the screen call so quickly that it takes away an offensive advantage. 1 word added, 1 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > [- 4.) -] [+ 4) +] Moving on service. If the server or his/her partner moves out of the way of a legally served ball. (See Rule 4.3B1) 1 word added, 1 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > [- 4.) -] [+ 4) +] Screen ball. Any ball rebounding from the front wall so close to the body of a defensive player that it interferes with or prevents the offensive player from having a clear view of the ball. The referee should be careful not to make the screen call so quickly that it takes away an offensive advantage. 1 word added, 1 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > [- 4) -] [+ 4.) +] Moving on service. If the server or his/her partner moves out of the way of a legally served ball. (See Rule 4.3B1) 1 word added, 1 removed. 7 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. > 4.) Moving on service. If the server or his/her partner moves out of the way of a legally served ball. (See Rule [- 4.3B1) -] [+ 4.3.B.1) +] 1 word added, 1 removed. 11 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item 5 Begins: “6.) Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play,…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 6.) Back-swing hinder. > A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his back-swing. > He may immediately say "Contact" if he wants a contact hinder. > If he elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. > The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his opponent's back-swing. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 5) Backswing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his backswing. He may immediately call "Contact" if he wants a contact hinder. If he elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his opponent's backswing. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 6.) Back-swing hinder. [- > -] A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his back-swing. [- > -] He may immediately say "Contact" if he wants a contact hinder. [- > -] If he elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. [- > -] The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his opponent's back-swing. no words changed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 6.) Back-swing hinder. [- > -] A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his back-swing. [- > -] He may immediately say "Contact" if he wants a contact hinder. [- > -] If he elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. [- > -] The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his opponent's back-swing. no words changed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > [- 5) Backswing -] [+ 5.) Back-swing +] hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during [- his -] [+ his/her +] backswing. [- He -] [+ He/she +] may immediately [- call -] [+ say +] "Contact" if [- he -] [+ he/she +] wants a contact hinder. If [- he -] [+ he/she +] elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent's [- backswing. -] [+ back-swing. +] 9 words added, 9 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 6.) Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during [- his back-swing. He -] [+ his/her backswing. He/she +] may immediately say "Contact" if [- he -] [+ he/she +] wants a contact hinder. If [- he -] [+ he/she +] elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent's back-swing. 6 words added, 6 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 6.) Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during [- his back-swing. He -] [+ his/her backswing. He/she +] may immediately say "Contact" if [- he -] [+ he/she +] wants a contact hinder. If [- he -] [+ he/she +] elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent's back-swing. 6 words added, 6 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > [- 6.) -] [+ 6) +] Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his/her backswing. He/she may immediately say [- "Contact" -] [+ “Contact” +] if he/she wants a contact hinder. If he/she elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his/her [- opponent's -] [+ opponent’s +] back-swing. 3 words added, 3 removed. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - **6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. > 6) Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his/her [- backswing. -] [+ back-swing. +] He/she may immediately say “Contact” if he/she wants a contact hinder. If he/she elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his/her opponent’s back-swing. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Moved (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > [- 5.) -] [+ 6) +] Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his/her [- backswing. -] [+ back-swing. +] He/she may immediately say [- "Contact" -] [+ “Contact” +] if he/she wants a contact hinder. If he/she elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his/her [- opponent's -] [+ opponent’s +] back-swing. 4 words added, 4 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > [- 6.) -] [+ 6) +] Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during [- his -] [+ his/her +] back-swing. [- He -] [+ He/she +] may immediately say [- "Contact" -] [+ “Contact” +] if [- he -] [+ he/she +] wants a contact hinder. If [- he -] [+ he/she +] elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during [- his opponent's -] [+ his/her opponent’s +] back-swing. 8 words added, 8 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Moved (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > [- 6) -] [+ 5.) +] Back-swing hinder. A player may not stop play, except on physical contact during his/her [- back-swing. -] [+ backswing. +] He/she may immediately say “Contact” if he/she wants a contact hinder. If he/she elects to hit the ball, no contact call will be permitted. The defensive player may not stop play if contact occurs during his/her opponent’s back-swing. 2 words added, 2 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item 6 Begins: “7.) Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 7.) Safety holdup. > Any player about to execute a return who believes he will strike his opponent with his hand or arm may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. > This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. > The referee must grant the hinder if he believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. > The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 6) Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes he will strike his opponent with his hand or arm, may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if he believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted (See Rule 4.8G). This does not affect the rules on legal hinders (See Rule 4.7B1). - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 7.) Safety holdup. [- > -] Any player about to execute a return who believes he will strike his opponent with his hand or arm may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. [- > -] This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. [- > -] The referee must grant the hinder if he believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. [- > -] The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. no words changed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 7.) Safety holdup. [- > -] Any player about to execute a return who believes he will strike his opponent with his hand or arm may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. [- > -] This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. [- > -] The referee must grant the hinder if he believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. [- > -] The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. no words changed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > [- 6) -] [+ 6.) +] Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes [- he -] [+ he/she +] will strike [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent with [- his hand or -] [+ his/her hand, +] arm, [+ or ball +] may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if [- he -] [+ he/she +] believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if [- warranted -] [+ warranted. +] (See Rule [- 4.8G). -] [+ 4.9 G) +] This does not affect the rules on legal [- hinders -] [+ hinders. +] (See Rule [- 4.7B1). -] [+ 4.7 B.1) +] 14 words added, 11 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 7.) Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes [- he -] [+ he/she +] will strike [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent with [- his hand -] [+ his/her hand, arm, +] or [- arm -] [+ the ball +] may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if [- he -] [+ he/she +] believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. 8 words added, 6 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > 7.) Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes [- he -] [+ he/she +] will strike [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent with [- his hand -] [+ his/her hand, arm, +] or [- arm -] [+ the ball +] may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if [- he -] [+ he/she +] believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. 8 words added, 6 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > [- 7.) -] [+ 7) +] Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes he/she will strike his/her opponent with his/her hand, arm, or the ball may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if he/she believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. 1 word added, 1 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > [- 6.) -] [+ 7) +] Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes he/she will strike his/her opponent with his/her hand, arm, or [+ the +] ball may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if he/she believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. [- (See Rule 4.9 G) -] [+ > +] This does not affect the rules on legal hinders. (See Rule 4.7 B.1) 2 words added, 5 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > [- 7.) -] [+ 7) +] Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes [- he -] [+ he/she +] will strike [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent with [- his hand -] [+ his/her hand, arm, +] or [- arm -] [+ the ball +] may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if [- he -] [+ he/she +] believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. 9 words added, 7 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > [- 7) -] [+ 6.) +] Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes he/she will strike his/her opponent with his/her hand, arm, or [- the -] ball may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if he/she believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. [- > -] [+ (See Rule 4.9 G) +] This does not affect the rules on legal hinders. (See Rule 4.7 B.1) 5 words added, 2 removed. 7 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. > 6.) Safety holdup. Any player about to execute a return who believes he/she will strike his/her opponent with his/her hand, arm, or ball may immediately stop play and request a dead-ball hinder. This call must be made immediately and is subject to approval by the referee. The referee must grant the hinder if he/she believes the holdup was reasonable and the player otherwise might have been able to return the shot. The referee might also call an avoidable hinder if warranted. (See Rule 4.9 G) This does not affect the rules on legal hinders. (See Rule [- 4.7 B.1) -] [+ 4.7.B.1) +] 1 word added, 2 removed. 11 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item 7 Begins: “8.) Other interference. Any other unintentional interference that prevents…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 8.) Other interference. > Any other unintentional interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > 7) Other interference. Any other unintentional interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 8.) Other interference. [- > -] Any other [- unintentional -] [+ unavoidable +] interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > 8.) Other interference. [- > -] Any other [- unintentional -] [+ unavoidable +] interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. 1 word added, 1 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Changed (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > [- 7) -] [+ 7.) +] Other interference. Any other [- unintentional -] [+ unavoidable +] interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. 2 words added, 2 removed. 7 more rulebooks with the same words: - 15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - 13 October 2007, American three-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > [- 8.) -] [+ 8) +] Other interference. Any other unavoidable interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. 1 word added, 1 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Moved (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > [- 7.) -] [+ 8) +] Other interference. Any other unavoidable interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > [- 8.) -] [+ 8) +] Other interference. Any other unavoidable interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. 1 word added, 1 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Moved (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > [- 8) -] [+ 7.) +] Other interference. Any other unavoidable interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball. 1 word added, 1 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item A Begins: “A. Situations” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A. Situations - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > A. Situations. 9 more rulebooks with the same words: - 31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. - 31 January 1999, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - 1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A. [- Situations -] [+ Situations. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > A. [- Situations -] [+ Situations. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - 6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > A. [- Situations -] [+ Situations. +] 1 word added, 1 removed. 24 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item B Begins: “B. Avoidance. While attempting to return the ball, a…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > B. Avoidance. > While attempting to return the ball, a player is entitled to a fair chance to see and return the ball. > It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to move so the offensive side may go straight to the ball and not be required to go around an opponent. > In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. > The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. > When a player attempts a killshot in front of himself and his position interferes with his opponent's attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. > It is not a hinder when a player hinders his partner (See Interpretation No. 11). - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > B. Avoidance. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > B. Avoidance. [- > -] While attempting to return the ball, a player is entitled to a fair chance to see and return the ball. [- > -] It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to move so the offensive side may go straight to the ball and not be required to go around an opponent. [- > -] In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. [- > -] The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. [- > -] When a player attempts a killshot in front of himself and his position interferes with his opponent's attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. [- > -] It is not a hinder when a player hinders his [- partner -] [+ partner. +] (See Interpretation No. 11). 1 word added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > B. Avoidance. [- > -] While attempting to return the ball, a player is entitled to a fair chance to see and return the ball. [- > -] It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to move so the offensive side may go straight to the ball and not be required to go around an opponent. [- > -] In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. [- > -] The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. [- > -] When a player attempts a killshot in front of himself and his position interferes with his opponent's attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. [- > -] It is not a hinder when a player hinders his [- partner -] [+ partner. +] (See Interpretation No. 11). 1 word added, 1 removed. 6 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > B. [- Avoidance. -] [+ Yielding fair access. +] 3 words added, 1 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > B. [- Avoidance. -] [+ Yielding fair access. +] While attempting to return the ball, [- a -] [+ the offensive +] player is entitled to [- a -] fair [- chance -] [+ access +] to see and return the ball. It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to [- move -] [+ yield position +] so the offensive side [- may go straight to the ball and -] [+ will +] not be required to go around an opponent. In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. When a player attempts a killshot in front of [- himself -] [+ himself/herself +] and [- his -] [+ his/her +] position interferes with [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent's attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. It is not a hinder when a player hinders [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner. [- (See Interpretation No. 11). -] 13 words added, 20 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Changed (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > B. [- Avoidance. -] [+ Yielding fair access. +] While attempting to return the ball, [- a -] [+ the offensive +] player is entitled to [- a -] fair [- chance -] [+ access +] to see and return the ball. It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to [- move -] [+ yield position +] so the offensive side [- may go straight to the ball and -] [+ will +] not be required to go around an opponent. In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. When a player attempts a killshot in front of [- himself -] [+ himself/herself +] and [- his -] [+ his/her +] position interferes with [- his -] [+ his/her +] opponent's attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. It is not a hinder when a player hinders [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner. [- (See Interpretation No. 11). -] 13 words added, 20 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > B. Yielding fair access. [+ > +] While attempting to return the ball, the offensive player is entitled to fair access to see and return the ball. [+ > +] It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to yield position so the offensive side will not be required to go around an opponent. [+ > +] In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. [+ > +] The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. [+ > +] When a player attempts a killshot in front of himself/herself and his/her position interferes with his/her [- opponent's -] [+ opponent’s +] attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. [+ > +] It is not a hinder when a player hinders his/her partner. 1 word added, 1 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > B. Yielding fair access. [+ > While attempting to return the ball, the offensive player is entitled to fair access to see and return the ball. > It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to yield position so the offensive side will not be required to go around an opponent. > In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. > The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. > When a player attempts a killshot in front of himself/herself and his/her position interferes with his/her opponent’s attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. > It is not a hinder when a player hinders his/her partner. +] 171 words added. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > B. Yielding fair access. [- > While attempting to return the ball, the offensive player is entitled to fair access to see and return the ball. > It is the duty of the defensive side that has just served or returned the ball to yield position so the offensive side will not be required to go around an opponent. > In the judgment of the referee, however, the offensive player must make a reasonable effort to move toward the ball and have a reasonable chance to return the ball before a hinder is called. > The referee should be liberal in calling hinders to discourage playing the ball in such a way that an opponent cannot see it or swing at it until it is too late. > When a player attempts a killshot in front of himself/herself and his/her position interferes with his/her opponent’s attempt to retrieve the ball, the referee should give the benefit of any doubt as to whether the ball was retrievable to the defensive player. > It is not a hinder when a player hinders his/her partner. -] 171 words removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item C Begins: “In doubles both players on a side are entitled…” - **20 November 1922, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > In doubles both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball and either one is entitled to a decision on a hinder, even though it might be the partner's ball and notwithstanding that the partner may be attempting to play the ball or that he may have already missed it. - 20 November 1927, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 1931, A.A.U. One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > C. Doubles. > Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. > Either one could been titled to a hinder even though it naturally would be his partner's ball and even though his partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with A.A.U. One-Wall Rules, 1931. > [- In doubles both -] [+ C. Doubles. Both +] players on a side are entitled to a fair [- and unobstructed -] chance at the [- ball and either -] [+ ball. Either +] one [- is -] [+ could be +] entitled to a [- decision on a hinder, -] [+ hinder +] even though it [- might -] [+ naturally would +] be [- the -] [+ his +] partner's ball and [- notwithstanding that the -] [+ even though his +] partner may [- be attempting -] [+ have attempted +] to play the ball [- or that he may have -] [+ and has +] already missed [+ (not touched) +] it. 20 words added, 25 removed. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > C. Doubles. [- > -] Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. [- > -] Either one could [+ have +] been [- titled -] [+ entitled +] to a hinder even though it naturally would be his partner's ball and even though his partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 2 words added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > C. Doubles. [- > -] Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. [- > -] Either one could [+ have +] been [- titled -] [+ entitled +] to a hinder even though it naturally would be his partner's ball and even though his partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 2 words added, 1 removed. - **2000, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. > C. Doubles. Both players on a side are entitled to a fair [+ and unobstructed (See Rule 4.71) +] chance at the ball. Either one could be entitled to a hinder even though it naturally would be his partner's ball and even though his partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 5 words added. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > C. Doubles. Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed [- (See Rule 4.71) -] chance at the ball. Either one could [- be -] [+ have been +] entitled to a hinder even though it naturally would be [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner's ball and even though [- his -] [+ the +] partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 4 words added, 6 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > C. Doubles. Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. Either one could have been entitled to a hinder even though it naturally would be [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner's ball and even though [- his -] [+ the +] partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 2 words added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > C. Doubles. Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. Either one could have been entitled to a hinder even though it naturally would be [- his -] [+ his/her +] partner's ball and even though [- his -] [+ the +] partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 2 words added, 2 removed. - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - **2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. > C. Doubles. Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. Either one could have been entitled to a hinder even though it naturally would be his/her [- partner's -] [+ partner’s +] ball and even though the partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 1 word added, 1 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Unchanged (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > C. Doubles. Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. Either one could have been entitled to a hinder even though it naturally would be his/her [- partner's -] [+ partner’s +] ball and even though the partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 1 word added, 1 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > C. Doubles. Both players on a side are entitled to a fair and unobstructed chance at the ball. Either one could have been entitled to a hinder even though it naturally would be [- his partner's -] [+ his/her partner’s +] ball and even though [- his -] [+ the +] partner may have attempted to play the ball and has already missed (not touched) it. 3 words added, 3 removed. 24 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - 27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. ### Rule 4.7, item D Begins: “D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and…” - **20 June 1990, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > D. Effect. > A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. > However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or sideout. > The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. 6., and 4.7 A.7.,and are subject to approval by the referee. > Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. - **14 October 1994, USHA One-Wall Rules**: First recorded (automatic). > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or handout. The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7A6, and 4.7A7, and are subject to approval by the referee. Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. - **31 January 1999, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > D. Effect. [- > -] A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. [- > -] However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or sideout. [- > -] The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. 6., and 4.7 [- A.7.,and -] [+ A.7., and +] are subject to approval by the referee. [- > -] Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 2 words added, 1 removed. - **31 January 1999, American four-wall**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 20 June 1990. > D. Effect. [- > -] A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. [- > -] However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or sideout. [- > -] The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. 6., and 4.7 [- A.7.,and -] [+ A.7., and +] are subject to approval by the referee. [- > -] Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 2 words added, 1 removed. - 2000, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 14 October 1994. - 9 March 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - **7 October 2001, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Punctuation only (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, March 2001. > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or handout. The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules [- 4.7A6, -] [+ 4.7A5, +] and [- 4.7A7, -] [+ 4.7A6, +] and are subject to approval by the referee. Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 2 words added, 2 removed. 3 more rulebooks with the same words: - 8 April 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 20 August 2002, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 19 January 2005, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 31 January 1999. - **1 April 2005, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, 20 August 2002. > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, [- his -] [+ his/her +] call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or [- handout. -] [+ out. +] The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules [- 4.7A5, -] [+ 4.7 A. 5., +] and [- 4.7A6, -] [+ 4.7 A.6., +] and are subject to approval by the referee. [+ > +] Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 7 words added, 4 removed. - **15 April 2005, USHA Four-Wall Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, [- his -] [+ his/her +] call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or sideout. The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. 6., and [- 4.7 -] [+ 4.7. +] A.7., and are subject to approval by the referee. [+ > +] Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 2 words added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2006, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). - June 2006, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - June 2006, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 1 April 2005. - May 2007, USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, June 2006. - **13 October 2007, American three-wall**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with American four-wall, 31 January 1999. > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, [- his -] [+ his/her +] call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or sideout. The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. 6., and [- 4.7 -] [+ 4.7. +] A.7., and are subject to approval by the referee. [+ > +] Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 2 words added, 2 removed. 5 more rulebooks with the same words: - June 2008, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2006. - 2012, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rule Changes, May 2007. - 2014, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - January 2014, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, June 2008. - 6 February 2015, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 2014. - **6 February 2015, USHA One-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Rules, January 2014. > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his/her call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or [- out. -] [+ sideout. +] The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. [- 5., -] [+ 6., +] and [- 4.7 A.6., -] [+ 4.7. A.7., +] and are subject to approval by the referee. > Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 4 words added, 4 removed. - **6 February 2015, USHA Three-Wall Addendum**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA Three-Wall Addendum, December 2004. > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, [- his -] [+ his/her +] call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or sideout. The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. 6., and [- 4.7 -] [+ 4.7. +] A.7., and are subject to approval by the referee. [+ > +] Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 2 words added, 2 removed. 4 more rulebooks with the same words: - 22 January 2017, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA One-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 22 January 2017, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015. - 27 January 2019, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2017. - **27 January 2019, USHA One-Wall Rules**: Reworded (automatic). Compared with USHA One-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. > D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his/her call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or [- sideout. -] [+ out. +] The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. [- 6., -] [+ 5., +] and [- 4.7. A.7., -] [+ 4.7 A.6., +] and are subject to approval by the referee. > Whenever a dead-ball hinder is called, the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 4 words added, 4 removed. 19 more rulebooks with the same words: - 12 July 2019, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 12 July 2019, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 27 January 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American four-wall, 12 July 2019. - 26 January 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 12 July 2019. - 20 September 2020, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 21 September 2020, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2020. - 22 January 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 22 January 2021, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, September 2020. - 9 December 2021, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 23 January 2022, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 23 January 2022, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 22 January 2021. - 27 November 2022, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 January 2024, American four-wall: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA Four-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2024, USHA One-Wall Rules: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA One-Wall Rules, 23 January 2022. - 17 July 2024, American one-wall, small ball: Unchanged (automatic). - 26 January 2025, USHA Four-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Four-Wall Rules, 26 January 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA One-Wall Rulebook: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as American one-wall, small ball, 17 July 2024. - 26 January 2025, USHA Three-Wall Addendum: Unchanged (automatic). Same words as USHA Three-Wall Addendum, 22 January 2017. - **30 October 2026, USHA Four-Wall Abridged Rules**: Reworded (machine-reviewed). Compared with USHA Four-Wall Rules, 16 January 2005. > [- D. Effect. A hinder call stops the play and usually voids any situation that follows, such as the ball hitting a player who stopped playing because of the call. However, if, in the opinion of the referee, his/her call was not responsible for the player being hit by the ball, the referee may overrule the hinder call and declare either a point or sideout. The only hinders a player may call are specified in Rules 4.7 A. 6., and 4.7. A.7., and are subject to approval by the referee. > -] Whenever a [- dead-ball -] hinder is [- called, -] [+ called +] the rally is replayed and any previous fault on the server is voided. 1 word added, 91 removed. All rules: [clause history](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/clause-history/).