# Rule 3.4 (USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015, historical)

> **Historical rulebook: not the current rules.** The current rules are here: https://handball.theperfectship.com/rules/one-wall/

USHA rules text used with permission of the U.S. Handball Association (ushandball.org); credit: U.S. Handball Association. Source: https://www.ushandball.org/

Printed as changes to USHA Four-Wall Rules (6 February 2015); shown here as printed (the changes only, not merged).

Under Rule 3.4 Referee

## A. Decisions

The referee will be positioned behind the receiving side and shall make all decisions with regard to the rules and the referee has the authority to change his call. Where line judges are used, the referee shall announce all final judgments. 1) Spectators. The referee shall have jurisdiction over the spectators, as well as the players, while the match is in progress (See Rule 5.6). A ball that hits an official or spectator before hitting the wall shall be judged as if it had hit an opponent (See Rule 4.7A2). If a “non-seated” spectator or official interferes with a player in his attempt to play a ball, it is a hinder. In the interest of safety, when sufficient playing area cannot be provided, the referee may call a dead-ball hinder for interference that prevents a player from having a fair chance to see or return the ball (See Rule 4.7A7).

## Mentioned here

- [Player](https://handball.theperfectship.com/player.md)
- [Opponent](https://handball.theperfectship.com/opponent.md)
- [Referee](https://handball.theperfectship.com/match-referee.md)
- [Line judge](https://handball.theperfectship.com/line-judge.md)
- [Hinder](https://handball.theperfectship.com/hinder.md)
- [Ball](https://handball.theperfectship.com/ball.md)
- [Wall](https://handball.theperfectship.com/wall.md)

How this rule changed: [wording in every rulebook](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/clause-history/code-fourwall-american/3-4.md)

## Relationships

- Player relates to Opponent: mentioned together in 5 sub-rules.
- Player relates to Referee: mentioned together in 6 sub-rules.
- Player relates to Hinder: mentioned together in 6 sub-rules.
- Player relates to Ball: mentioned together in 9 sub-rules.
- Opponent relates to Hinder: mentioned together in 5 sub-rules.
- Referee relates to Ball: mentioned together in 8 sub-rules.
- Hinder relates to Ball: mentioned together in 11 sub-rules.
- Ball relates to Wall: mentioned together in 8 sub-rules.
- No link to the other terms shown: Line judge.
- 11 weaker links (terms mentioned together in few sub-rules) are not drawn.

Rulebook: [USHA One-Wall Addendum, 6 February 2015](https://handball.theperfectship.com/rulebooks/usha-onewall-2015-02-06.md)

Source: One-Wall Addendum (printed PDF, pnwhandball.org upload, captured 2026-10-30). USHA rules text, used with the USHA's written permission (letter not yet filed).